季峰等
【摘要】 目的:探討ETV1在胃腸道間質瘤組織中的表達及臨床意義。方法:應用免疫組化、實時熒光定量PCR、Western-blot檢測ETV1在135例不同胃腸道間質瘤患者的腫瘤組織及瘤旁組織中的表達。結果:免疫組化結果顯示,ETV1在胃腸道間質瘤中陽性表達率為68.1%,顯著高于瘤旁正常組織的5.2%(P<0.05)。熒光定量PCR方法顯示,間質瘤組織中ETV1的相對表達Ct值(3.30±2.37)低于瘤旁正常組織的(6.19±2.86),腫瘤組織中ETV1的表達是正常組織的7.41倍,差異有統計學意義(P<0.001)。Western-blot法檢測顯示,ETV1蛋白在胃腸道間質瘤中的表達水平(1.24±0.67)也較瘤旁正常組織高(0.88±0.28)(P=0.0369);Pearson相關分析顯示,ETV1mRNA和蛋白水平呈正相關(r=0.526,P=0.017)。結論:ETV1在胃腸道間質瘤中特異性高表達,可能與胃腸道間質瘤的發生發展有關,有望成為新的腫瘤標志物,為臨床治療提供新靶點。
【關鍵詞】 胃腸道間質瘤; 轉錄調控因子; 腫瘤發生
【Abstract】 Objective:To investigate the expression of ETV1 in gastrointestinal stromal tumors and its clinical significance.Method:Surgical gastrointestinal stromal tumor tissues and adjacent normal mucosa were obtained from 135 patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor.Immunohistochemistry was conducted to detect the distribution of ETV1 protein,while the quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot method were used to detect the expressions of ETV1 mRNA and protein.Result:Immunohistochemical analysis showed the positive rate of ETV1 expression was 68.1% in gastrointestinal stromal tumor tissues,it was significantly higher than 5.2% in the adjacent normal samples(P<0.05).Fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that relative expression of Ct value was (3.30±2.37)in gastrointestinal stromal tumor tissues,it was significantly lower than (6.19±2.86) in adjacent normal samples,expression of ETV1 in tumor tissue was 7.41 times of normal tissue,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.001).Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of ETV1 protein was (1.24±0.67) in gastrointestinal stromal tumor tissues,it was significantly higher than (0.88±0.28) in normal colorectal tissues (P=0.0369).Pearson correlation analysis showed that the mRNA level was in positive correlation with the protein level(r=0.526,P=0.017).Conclusion:The specific expression of the ETV1 is in a correlation with the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor.ETV1 is expected to be a new tumor marker and the new target for clinical therapy.
【Key words】 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor; Transcription regulatory factors; Tumorigenesis
First-authors address:The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical College,Hangzhou 310000,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.25.001
ETS家族是最大的信號依賴轉錄調控因子家族之一,其過度表達和許多人類腫瘤發生有關,近年來已成為各國學者關注的重點。ETS變異體1(ETV1,ER81)是ETS家族成員之一。已有研究表明,ETV1在乳腺癌、黑色素瘤、前列腺癌、尤文氏瘤中過度表達,參與腫瘤的形成和發展[1-5]。國外已有研究發現,ETV1在胃腸道間質瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumor,GIST)細胞中存在普遍高表達[6],但是國內鮮有相關報道。本實驗采用免疫組織化學、實時熒光定量PCR和Western-blot方法檢測GIST及瘤旁正常組織中ETV1的表達,探索其表達差異的意義。endprint
1 材料與方法
1.1 標本來源 選取本院2012年5月-2014年1月經手術治療的GIST患者135例。其中男68例,女67例,年齡24~83歲,平均(58.7±11.8)歲,中位年齡59歲。腫瘤發生部位包括胃104例,小腸24例,其他部位7例。所有手術病例均為初治,術前均未行放、化療或伊馬替尼等分子靶向治療。GIST標本取自病灶中央無壞死部分,另取距腫瘤邊緣大于3 cm的瘤旁正常組織,離體后立即切成大約0.5 cm小塊,于10 min內放于液氮中保存,后轉存于-80 ℃冰箱。部分標本用4%甲醛固定,石蠟包埋,做免疫組化染色。所有標本均經過病理科醫師證實為GIST。本實驗獲得醫院倫理委員會同意。
1.2 免疫組化染色 組織石蠟包埋制成厚約4 μm組織切片,常規HE染色和免疫組化染色。每批染色均用已知陽性切片做陽性對照,用PBS代替一抗做陰性對照。結果判定:以胞質、胞核或胞膜染有均勻棕黃色顆粒、染色強度高于背景非特異性染色者為陽性細胞。采用雙盲法,選取5個高倍視野進行計數。按半定量評分方法進行計算:根據每視野著色細胞占總細胞的數目(陽性細胞0、1%~25%、26%~50%、>50%)分別記為0、1、2、3分;按每張切片著色細胞的染色強度(陰性、弱、中、強)分別記為0、1、2、3分;根據兩項評分之和判斷結果:≤2分為陰性,≥3為陽性。
1.3 RT-PCR檢測ETV1 mRNA表達
1.3.1 總RNA提取 稱取100 mg組織,勻漿后用TRIzol法進行GIST組織及瘤旁組織的總RNA提取。紫外分光光度計定量并檢測其純度,A260/A280比值在1.8~2.0。按照Takara PrimeScript? RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (Perfect Real Time)試劑盒(Takara公司)說明書步驟將其逆轉錄為cDNA。
1.3.2 實時熒光定量PCR ETV1正向引物為
5-GCAGTCAAGAACAGCCCTTTA-3,反向引物為
5-TCAGGTTTCGGTGTATGAGTTG-3。以GAPDH為內參照,其正向引物為5-AGAAGGCTGGGGCTCATTTG-3,反向引物為5-AGGGGCCATCCACAGTCTTC-3。取cDNA 1 μL,按照SYBR? Premix Ex Taq? (Tli RNaseH Plus)試劑盒(Takara公司)說明書步驟進行反應,95 ℃預變性30 s,隨后進行40個循環的PCR擴增反應(95 ℃變性5 s,60 ℃退火與延伸34 s)。腫瘤組織與正常組織的相對表達Ct值,即?Ct=Ct(ETV1)-Ct(GAPDH)。腫瘤組織中ETV1表達相對于瘤旁正常組織的倍數用2-??Ct計算。
1.4 Western blot法檢測ETV1蛋白表達 取100 mg新鮮組織,將組織粉碎后加入裂解液提取總蛋白,4 ℃離心10 min,提取上清液,BCA法測定蛋白含量。在提取出的蛋白中加入適量5×上樣緩沖液煮沸10 min。取等量樣本于10%SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳(SDS-PAGE)分離,電轉移至硝酸纖維素膜(NC膜)。5%脫脂牛奶室溫封閉2 h,與兔抗人ETV1單克隆抗體或GAPDH單克隆抗體4 ℃孵育過夜,洗膜,與辣根過氧化物酶(HRP)標記的羊抗兔多克隆抗體室溫孵育1 h,洗膜。用ECL顯色曝光。組織中不同蛋白表達水平用目的條帶與內參GAPDH條帶的灰度值比值定量表示。
1.5 統計學處理 采用SPSS 19.0軟件對所得數據進行統計分析,計量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗和單因素方差分析,計數資料用率表示,采用 字2檢驗,Kruskal—Wallis等級相關采用Spearman方法,以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 ETV1的免疫組化染色結果 ETV1免疫組化陽性染色產物位于細胞核。ETV1在GIST中普遍高表達,陽性率達68.1%(92/135),但是在瘤旁正常組織基本不表達,為5.2%(7/135),差異具有統計學意義(P<0.05),見圖1。
3 討論
GIST是消化系統最常見的間葉源性腫瘤,它主要是由c-kit或者PDGFRA基因致瘤突變導致,發病率約為1/10萬~2/10萬人,近年來呈明顯增加的趨勢。伊馬替尼等分子靶向藥物的應用,極大地提高了GIST的藥物療效。但是,伊馬替尼的成功應用并未根除間質瘤,腫瘤復發和耐藥成為影響療效的關鍵因素[7-8]。因此,探索GIST表面分子特性,尋找新的分子靶標已成為目前GIST診治研究的熱點。
ETS家族是最大的信號依賴轉錄調控因子家族之一,現已發現30多個ETS家族成員,它們均含有一個由85個氨基酸組成的特異DNA結合區(ETS區),該區與靶基因啟動區一個富含嘌呤的序列GGAA/T結合后調節基因轉錄。ETV1是ETS家族成員之一,ETV1及其相關ETS轉錄因子可以調控多能祖細胞分化,在組織發育過程中差異表達,過度表達促進細胞惡性改變[9-10]。在一些腫瘤中ETV1基因參與某些染色體易位突變,基因融合產生嵌合體蛋白導致細胞惡性變,被認為是促使腫瘤發生的主要因素之一,如前列癌中ETV1和跨膜絲氨酸蛋白酶2基因的融合、尤文氏肉瘤中ETV-1和EWS基因的融合[1,5]。前列腺癌中過度表達的ETV1也可以和雄激素受體作用促成腫瘤的侵襲與轉移[11]。其他腫瘤如黑色素瘤、乳腺癌中也存在ETV1蛋白過度表達,在調控腫瘤細胞增殖中起重要作用[2-4]。進一步研究表明,ETV1對靶基因的作用由復雜的調控網絡進行調節。各種信號激活Ras/Raf/MAPK信號通路是調控ETV1的主要途徑[2,12-13]。Ras/Raf/MAPK通路的激活導致ETS轉錄因子活化,從而調控生長和周期相關基因,如c-myc、junB、cdc2和cyclinD139[14]。在ETS的參與作用下,Ras信號成功轉化成一系列生長、凋亡相關基因。在前列腺癌、黑色素瘤中,Ras-MAPK-ETV1通路進一步得到了驗證,Ras-MAPK的激活是調控ETV1的主要途徑[2,12-13]。Chi等[6]研究發現,ETV1在伊馬替尼敏感或耐藥GIST細胞中普遍表達,且ETV1在GIST中的表達水平明顯高于其他腫瘤,如胃癌、肝癌、結直腸癌、前列腺癌、黑色素瘤、卵巢癌等。ETV1能夠與KIT協同作用,調控GIST細胞的增殖凋亡與惡性轉變。endprint
本研究結果表明,ETV1在GIST組織中的基因和蛋白表達水平均顯著上調,在瘤旁正常組織很少表達,與Chi等[6]研究結果符合。該結果提示ETV1在GIST中特異性表達,可能與腫瘤的發生發展具有相關性。但是否將ETV1的表達作為評估腫瘤惡性程度及預測發展仍有待進一步研究。深入探索ETV1在GIST發生發展中的可能作用機制,將為GIST的診治提供新的思路。
參考文獻
[1] Ordó?ez J L,Osuna D,Herrero D,et al.Advances in Ewing's sarcoma research:where are we now and what lies ahead?[J].Cancer Res,2009,69(18):7140-7150.
[2] Jané-Valbuena J,Widlund H R,Perner S,et al.An oncogenic role for ETV1 in melanoma[J].Cancer Res,2010,70(5):2075-2084.
[3] Baker R,Kent C V,Silbermann R A,et al.Pea3 transcription factors and wnt1-induced mouse mammary neoplasia[J].Plos One,2010,5(1):e8854.
[4] Vageli D,Ioannou M G,Koukoulis G K.Transcriptional activation of hTERT in breast carcinomas by the Her2-ER81-related pathway[J].Oncol Res,2009,17(9):413-423.
[5] Oh S,Shin S,Janknecht R.ETV1,4 and 5:an oncogenic subfamily of ETS transcription factors[J].Biochimicaet Biophysica Acta,2012,1826(1):1-12.
[6] Chi P,Chen Y,Zhang L,et al.ETV1 is a lineage survival factor that cooperates with KIT in gastrointestinal stromal tumours[J].Nature,2010,467(7317):849-853.
[7] Duffaud F,Blay J Y.Gastrointestinal stromal tumors:biology and treatment[J].Oncology,2003,65(3):187-197.
[8] Braconi C,Bracci R,Cellerino R.Molecular targets in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) therapy[J].Curr Cancer Drug Targets,2008,8(5):359-366.
[9] Kurpios N A,MacNeil L,Shepherd T G,et al.The Pea3 Ets transcription factor regulates differentiation of multipotent progenitor cells during mammary gland development[J].Dev Biol,2009,325(1):106-121.
[10] De Launoit Y,Baert J L,Chotteau-Lelievre A,et al.The Ets transcription factors of the PEA3 group:transcriptional regulators in metastasis[J].Biochim Biophys Acta,2006,1766(1):79-87.
[11] Shin S,Kim T D,Jin F,et al.Induction of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and modulation of androgen receptor by ETS variant 1/ETS-related protein 81[J].Cancer Res,2009,69(20):8102-8110.
[12] Dwyer J,Li H,Xu D,et al.Transcriptional regulation of telomerase activity:roles of the the Ets transcription factor family[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci,2007,1114(10):36-47.
[13] Goueli B S,Janknecht R.Upregulation of the catalytic telomerase subunit by the transcription factor ER81 and oncogenic HER2/Neu,Ras,or Raf[J].Mol Cell Biol,2004,24(1):25-35.
[14] Oikawa T.ETS transcription factors:possible targets for cancer therapy[J].Cancer Sci,2004,95(8):626-633.
(收稿日期:2014-03-27) (本文編輯:歐麗)endprint
本研究結果表明,ETV1在GIST組織中的基因和蛋白表達水平均顯著上調,在瘤旁正常組織很少表達,與Chi等[6]研究結果符合。該結果提示ETV1在GIST中特異性表達,可能與腫瘤的發生發展具有相關性。但是否將ETV1的表達作為評估腫瘤惡性程度及預測發展仍有待進一步研究。深入探索ETV1在GIST發生發展中的可能作用機制,將為GIST的診治提供新的思路。
參考文獻
[1] Ordó?ez J L,Osuna D,Herrero D,et al.Advances in Ewing's sarcoma research:where are we now and what lies ahead?[J].Cancer Res,2009,69(18):7140-7150.
[2] Jané-Valbuena J,Widlund H R,Perner S,et al.An oncogenic role for ETV1 in melanoma[J].Cancer Res,2010,70(5):2075-2084.
[3] Baker R,Kent C V,Silbermann R A,et al.Pea3 transcription factors and wnt1-induced mouse mammary neoplasia[J].Plos One,2010,5(1):e8854.
[4] Vageli D,Ioannou M G,Koukoulis G K.Transcriptional activation of hTERT in breast carcinomas by the Her2-ER81-related pathway[J].Oncol Res,2009,17(9):413-423.
[5] Oh S,Shin S,Janknecht R.ETV1,4 and 5:an oncogenic subfamily of ETS transcription factors[J].Biochimicaet Biophysica Acta,2012,1826(1):1-12.
[6] Chi P,Chen Y,Zhang L,et al.ETV1 is a lineage survival factor that cooperates with KIT in gastrointestinal stromal tumours[J].Nature,2010,467(7317):849-853.
[7] Duffaud F,Blay J Y.Gastrointestinal stromal tumors:biology and treatment[J].Oncology,2003,65(3):187-197.
[8] Braconi C,Bracci R,Cellerino R.Molecular targets in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) therapy[J].Curr Cancer Drug Targets,2008,8(5):359-366.
[9] Kurpios N A,MacNeil L,Shepherd T G,et al.The Pea3 Ets transcription factor regulates differentiation of multipotent progenitor cells during mammary gland development[J].Dev Biol,2009,325(1):106-121.
[10] De Launoit Y,Baert J L,Chotteau-Lelievre A,et al.The Ets transcription factors of the PEA3 group:transcriptional regulators in metastasis[J].Biochim Biophys Acta,2006,1766(1):79-87.
[11] Shin S,Kim T D,Jin F,et al.Induction of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and modulation of androgen receptor by ETS variant 1/ETS-related protein 81[J].Cancer Res,2009,69(20):8102-8110.
[12] Dwyer J,Li H,Xu D,et al.Transcriptional regulation of telomerase activity:roles of the the Ets transcription factor family[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci,2007,1114(10):36-47.
[13] Goueli B S,Janknecht R.Upregulation of the catalytic telomerase subunit by the transcription factor ER81 and oncogenic HER2/Neu,Ras,or Raf[J].Mol Cell Biol,2004,24(1):25-35.
[14] Oikawa T.ETS transcription factors:possible targets for cancer therapy[J].Cancer Sci,2004,95(8):626-633.
(收稿日期:2014-03-27) (本文編輯:歐麗)endprint
本研究結果表明,ETV1在GIST組織中的基因和蛋白表達水平均顯著上調,在瘤旁正常組織很少表達,與Chi等[6]研究結果符合。該結果提示ETV1在GIST中特異性表達,可能與腫瘤的發生發展具有相關性。但是否將ETV1的表達作為評估腫瘤惡性程度及預測發展仍有待進一步研究。深入探索ETV1在GIST發生發展中的可能作用機制,將為GIST的診治提供新的思路。
參考文獻
[1] Ordó?ez J L,Osuna D,Herrero D,et al.Advances in Ewing's sarcoma research:where are we now and what lies ahead?[J].Cancer Res,2009,69(18):7140-7150.
[2] Jané-Valbuena J,Widlund H R,Perner S,et al.An oncogenic role for ETV1 in melanoma[J].Cancer Res,2010,70(5):2075-2084.
[3] Baker R,Kent C V,Silbermann R A,et al.Pea3 transcription factors and wnt1-induced mouse mammary neoplasia[J].Plos One,2010,5(1):e8854.
[4] Vageli D,Ioannou M G,Koukoulis G K.Transcriptional activation of hTERT in breast carcinomas by the Her2-ER81-related pathway[J].Oncol Res,2009,17(9):413-423.
[5] Oh S,Shin S,Janknecht R.ETV1,4 and 5:an oncogenic subfamily of ETS transcription factors[J].Biochimicaet Biophysica Acta,2012,1826(1):1-12.
[6] Chi P,Chen Y,Zhang L,et al.ETV1 is a lineage survival factor that cooperates with KIT in gastrointestinal stromal tumours[J].Nature,2010,467(7317):849-853.
[7] Duffaud F,Blay J Y.Gastrointestinal stromal tumors:biology and treatment[J].Oncology,2003,65(3):187-197.
[8] Braconi C,Bracci R,Cellerino R.Molecular targets in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) therapy[J].Curr Cancer Drug Targets,2008,8(5):359-366.
[9] Kurpios N A,MacNeil L,Shepherd T G,et al.The Pea3 Ets transcription factor regulates differentiation of multipotent progenitor cells during mammary gland development[J].Dev Biol,2009,325(1):106-121.
[10] De Launoit Y,Baert J L,Chotteau-Lelievre A,et al.The Ets transcription factors of the PEA3 group:transcriptional regulators in metastasis[J].Biochim Biophys Acta,2006,1766(1):79-87.
[11] Shin S,Kim T D,Jin F,et al.Induction of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and modulation of androgen receptor by ETS variant 1/ETS-related protein 81[J].Cancer Res,2009,69(20):8102-8110.
[12] Dwyer J,Li H,Xu D,et al.Transcriptional regulation of telomerase activity:roles of the the Ets transcription factor family[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci,2007,1114(10):36-47.
[13] Goueli B S,Janknecht R.Upregulation of the catalytic telomerase subunit by the transcription factor ER81 and oncogenic HER2/Neu,Ras,or Raf[J].Mol Cell Biol,2004,24(1):25-35.
[14] Oikawa T.ETS transcription factors:possible targets for cancer therapy[J].Cancer Sci,2004,95(8):626-633.
(收稿日期:2014-03-27) (本文編輯:歐麗)endprint