張鵠志 劉霞 易偉建 劉翔
摘要:遺傳演化結構優化算法自提出以來,研究主要針對單荷載工況的情形,研究成果對于指導實際工程設計存在缺陷.為了滿足工程應用的需求,本文以ANSYS有限元軟件的非線性分析為平臺,選用solid65單元和link10單元分別模擬混凝土單元和鋼筋單元,將分離式模型遺傳演化結構優化推廣到復雜應力構件多荷載工況下的配筋優化.通過選用開洞深梁和開洞剪力墻作為數值算例以驗證,分離式模型遺傳演化結構優化可以綜合考慮多個荷載工況的影響,減少人為因素的干擾,直觀地計算出鋼筋配置方案,很好地完成復雜應力構件在多荷載工況下的配筋優化設計,所得的結果符合受力機理,且不會使鋼筋過度集中,還因為提高了鋼筋的利用效率,所以相比彈性應力設計方法節省了用鋼量.
關鍵詞:配筋優化;分離式模型;遺傳演化結構優化;多荷載工況;復雜應力構件
中圖分類號:TU311.41 文獻標識碼:A
Abstract:The genetic evolutionary structural optimization (GESO) is used for single loading case study, but it still needs to be improved in practical engineering. In this paper, Separated elements model GESO was used to design reinforcement layout of the reinforced concrete (RC) members under complex elements stress states and multiple loading cases in order to fulfill the needs of engineering application. Separated elements model GESO involves the nonlinear analysis of ANSYS finite element software as a platform, in which solid65 element is chosen as the concrete element, while link10 element is regarded as the reinforcement element herein. Separated elements model GESO is further verified by considering deep beams and shear walls with openings as the numerical examples. The reinforcement layout of RC members under complex stress states can be optimized under multiple loading cases including loading combination. The influence of subjective factors has been dramatically reduced with intuitive reinforcement layout results, which are in accordance with the stress mechanism and will not lead to centralized reinforcement layout. The application of separated elements model GESO can save steel consumption by comparing with elastic stress design method, since the utilization efficiency of reinforcements is also improved.
Key words: reinforcement layout optimization; separated elements model; genetic evolutionary structural optimization; multiple loading cases; members under complex stress state
鋼筋混凝土復雜應力構件(例如深梁、剪力墻、框架節點、加載點、支座等)由于不連續或加載等因素導致應力分布較為紊亂,經典的平截面假定不再適用.這類構件的配筋設計,我國的《混凝土結構設計規范》一直推薦經驗或半經驗的設計方法,可操作性較強,但對復雜應力構件的傳力機理描述還不夠成熟,近年修訂的《混凝土結構設計規范》(GB 50010-2010)\[1\]建議了基于彈性應力分析的應力設計方法,概念性強,操作較困難.
拉壓桿模型是分析復雜應力構件的常用方法,不少學者運用拉壓桿模型針對復雜應力構件展開了一系列的研究\[2-3\],但是他們獲取拉壓桿模型的方法各不相同,很少采用優化方法.通過對拓撲結構優化方法\[4-5\]的研究發現,優化方法可成為構造拉壓桿模型的手段,特別是漸進結構優化方法\[6-7\],它能夠計算出相對較優的拉壓桿模型.為提高算法的尋優能力,易偉建等\[8\]提出遺傳演化結構優化(GESO)方法.運用GESO算法,劉霞等\[9\]計算了開洞深梁的拉壓桿模型,對相應的優化參數展開了討論,與其它的優化方法進行了對比\[10-11\],再通過Michell準則從理論上對其優化拓撲進行分析\[12\],采用試驗對該方法的準確性進行了驗證\[13\].但這些研究在有限元分析時都將鋼筋和混凝土視為復合材料,抗拉和抗壓均具備一定的能力,這顯然與真實情況相悖,而且在文獻\[13\]的試驗中,復雜應力構件的破壞形態與拉壓桿模型的預期有一定差別,并非拉桿、壓桿的失效或節點的破壞,這些都說明拉壓桿模型方法存在局限性.分離式模型GESO\[14\]的提出一定程度上彌補了這些缺陷,但之前的研究僅針對單個荷載工況,基于此,本文將發揮GESO的優勢,采用分離式模型進行開洞深梁和開洞剪力墻在多荷載工況下的配筋拓撲優化.
1多荷載工況下的分離式模型GESO
結構在日常工作中常處于恒荷載和活荷載的組合工況之下,如果考慮氣候條件、地震災害等其他因素的影響,風荷載、雪荷載和地震荷載等也不可忽視,它們一般形成兩到三個效應組合,如永久荷載效應控制的基本組合,可變荷載效應控制的基本組合,地震作用下的效應組合等.單荷載工況的模擬是優化算法研究的基礎,能夠說明GESO的可行性和穩定性,但終究與設計應用還有一段距離,將其推廣到多荷載工況才能符合工程實際,所以多荷載工況下的配筋優化是一個值得研究的問題.
分離式模型GESO將混凝土與鋼筋單元分離式建模,使優化有目的性地針對鋼筋.多荷載工況下的分離式模型GESO的流程圖見圖1.
5結論和建議
本文以分離式模型GESO為思路,以復雜應力構件的多荷載工況為背景,對鋼筋混凝土復雜應力構件進行了配筋優化研究,得出了以下結論:
1)分離式模型GESO可以進行復雜應力構件在多荷載工況下的配筋優化,能綜合考慮各個荷載工況的影響,直觀地計算出鋼筋配置方案,減少人為因素的干擾,具有良好的操作性;
2)與拉壓桿模型相比,分離式模型GESO不會使鋼筋過度集中,與經驗方法相比,鋼筋的配置又更符合力學概念;
3)配置斜鋼筋更符合復雜應力構件的受力機理,提高了鋼筋的利用效率;
4)較之彈性應力方法,多工況分離式模型GESO方法更節省用鋼量.
由前面的研究可知,鋼筋配筋方案中存在部分斜向鋼筋,不利于構件的施工,說明算法還需進一步改進以增加計算結果的工程實用性.另外,隨著工況的增加和構件的加大,計算效率將成為另一個問題,這些都需要在后續研究中深入探討.
參考文獻
[1]GB 50010-2010 混凝土結構設計規范\[S\]. 北京: 中國建筑工業出版社,2010:237-243.
GB50010-2010 Code for design of concrete structures\[S\]. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2010: 237-243. (In Chinese)
\[2\]SIAO W B. Strutandtie model for shear behavior in deep beams and pile caps failing in diagonal splitting\[J\]. ACI Structural Journal,1993,90(4):356-363.
\[3\]KUCHMA D, YINDEESUK S, NAGLE T, et al. Experimental validation of strutandtie method for complex regions\[J\]. ACI Structural Journal, 2008,105(5): 578-589.
\[4\]何益斌, 李艷, 黃頻. 厚板轉換結構拓撲優化設計\[J\]. 湖南大學學報:自然科學版,2011,38(3):1-6.
HE Yibin, LI Yan, HUANG Pin. Topology optimization design for thick plate transition structure\[J\]. Journal of Hunan University: Natural Sciences, 2011,38(3):1-6. (In Chinese)
\[5\]劉志文, 辛亞兵, 陳政清. 鋁合金橋面板合理斷面形式拓撲分析和優化\[J\]. 湖南大學學報:自然科學版,2010,37(1):11-16.
LIU Zhiwen, XIN Yabing, CHEN Zhengqing. Topologic analysis and optimization of reasonable crosssection of aluminum alloy bridge decks\[J\]. Journal of Hunan University: Natural Sciences, 2010,37(1):11-16. (In Chinese)
\[6\]XIE Y M, STEVEN G P. A simple evolutionary procedure for structural optimization\[J\]. Computers & Structures, 1993,49(5):885896.
\[7\]榮見華, 姜節勝, 徐飛鴻,等. 一種基于應力的雙方向結構拓撲優化算法\[J\].計算力學學報, 2004,21(3):322-329.
RONG Jianhua, JIANG Jiesheng, XU Feihong, et al. A bidirectional algorithm of structural topology optimization\[J\]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2004,21(3):322-329. (In Chinese)
\[8\]易偉建, 劉霞. 遺傳演化結構優化算法\[J\]. 工程力學, 2004,21(3):66-71.
YI Weijian, LIU Xia. Genetic evolutionary structural optimization\[J\]. Engineering Mechanics, 2004,21(3):66-71. (In Chinese)
\[9\]劉霞, 易偉建, 沈蒲生. 鋼筋混凝土深梁的拓撲優化模型\[J\]. 工程力學, 2006,23(9):93-97.
LIU Xia, YI Weijian, SHEN Pusheng. Topology optimization of strutandtie models in deep reinforced concrete beams\[J\]. Engineering Mechanics, 2006,23(9):93-97. (In Chinese)
\[10\]LIU X, YI W J, LI Q S, et al. Genetic evolutionary structural optimization\[J\]. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2008,64:305-311.
\[11\]劉霞, 易偉建. 鋼筋混凝土平面構件的配筋優化\[J\]. 計算力學學報, 2010, 27(1): 110-114, 126.
LIU Xia, YI Weijian. Reinforcement layout optimization of RC plane components\[J\]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2010,27(1):110-114,126. (In Chinese)
\[12\]LIU Xia, YI Weijian. Michelllike 2D layouts generated by genetic ESO\[J\]. Struct Multidisc Optim, 2010,42:111-123.
\[13\]劉霞, 張鵠志, 易偉建,等. 鋼筋混凝土開洞深梁拉壓桿模型方法與經驗方法試驗對比研究\[J\]. 建筑結構學報, 2013,34(7):139-147.
LIU Xia, ZHANG Huzhi, YI Weijian,et al. Testing comparison between strutandtie model method and empirical method for RC deep beams with openings\[J\]. Journal of Building Structures, 2013,34(7):139-147. (In Chinese)
\[14\]ZHANG H Z, LIU X, YI W J. Reinforcement layout optimization of RC Dregions members\[J\]. Advances in Structural Engineering, 2014,17(7):979-992.
\[9\]劉霞, 易偉建, 沈蒲生. 鋼筋混凝土深梁的拓撲優化模型\[J\]. 工程力學, 2006,23(9):93-97.
LIU Xia, YI Weijian, SHEN Pusheng. Topology optimization of strutandtie models in deep reinforced concrete beams\[J\]. Engineering Mechanics, 2006,23(9):93-97. (In Chinese)
\[10\]LIU X, YI W J, LI Q S, et al. Genetic evolutionary structural optimization\[J\]. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2008,64:305-311.
\[11\]劉霞, 易偉建. 鋼筋混凝土平面構件的配筋優化\[J\]. 計算力學學報, 2010, 27(1): 110-114, 126.
LIU Xia, YI Weijian. Reinforcement layout optimization of RC plane components\[J\]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2010,27(1):110-114,126. (In Chinese)
\[12\]LIU Xia, YI Weijian. Michelllike 2D layouts generated by genetic ESO\[J\]. Struct Multidisc Optim, 2010,42:111-123.
\[13\]劉霞, 張鵠志, 易偉建,等. 鋼筋混凝土開洞深梁拉壓桿模型方法與經驗方法試驗對比研究\[J\]. 建筑結構學報, 2013,34(7):139-147.
LIU Xia, ZHANG Huzhi, YI Weijian,et al. Testing comparison between strutandtie model method and empirical method for RC deep beams with openings\[J\]. Journal of Building Structures, 2013,34(7):139-147. (In Chinese)
\[14\]ZHANG H Z, LIU X, YI W J. Reinforcement layout optimization of RC Dregions members\[J\]. Advances in Structural Engineering, 2014,17(7):979-992.
\[9\]劉霞, 易偉建, 沈蒲生. 鋼筋混凝土深梁的拓撲優化模型\[J\]. 工程力學, 2006,23(9):93-97.
LIU Xia, YI Weijian, SHEN Pusheng. Topology optimization of strutandtie models in deep reinforced concrete beams\[J\]. Engineering Mechanics, 2006,23(9):93-97. (In Chinese)
\[10\]LIU X, YI W J, LI Q S, et al. Genetic evolutionary structural optimization\[J\]. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2008,64:305-311.
\[11\]劉霞, 易偉建. 鋼筋混凝土平面構件的配筋優化\[J\]. 計算力學學報, 2010, 27(1): 110-114, 126.
LIU Xia, YI Weijian. Reinforcement layout optimization of RC plane components\[J\]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2010,27(1):110-114,126. (In Chinese)
\[12\]LIU Xia, YI Weijian. Michelllike 2D layouts generated by genetic ESO\[J\]. Struct Multidisc Optim, 2010,42:111-123.
\[13\]劉霞, 張鵠志, 易偉建,等. 鋼筋混凝土開洞深梁拉壓桿模型方法與經驗方法試驗對比研究\[J\]. 建筑結構學報, 2013,34(7):139-147.
LIU Xia, ZHANG Huzhi, YI Weijian,et al. Testing comparison between strutandtie model method and empirical method for RC deep beams with openings\[J\]. Journal of Building Structures, 2013,34(7):139-147. (In Chinese)
\[14\]ZHANG H Z, LIU X, YI W J. Reinforcement layout optimization of RC Dregions members\[J\]. Advances in Structural Engineering, 2014,17(7):979-992.