利用各種邏輯關系巧解猜測詞義猜測題

耿新榮

摘 要： 英語文章中的生詞是影響閱讀理解和速度的一個重要因素，掌握一定的猜詞技巧，即通過定義法、邏輯關系、構詞法等猜測詞義，對突破高考閱讀理解、提高英語語言能力都有非常重要的意義。

關鍵詞： 高考題例 因果法 關鍵詞法

近年來，全國統一高考中加大了對考生猜詞義能力的考查，閱讀理解題中設置的詞義猜測類題多是對生詞、短語、指示代詞的猜測，生詞的詞義猜測題常見的有：

The word “...” in paragraph 2 can best be replaced by...

The underlined word “...” refers to / probably means...

By saying “...”，the author means...

The expression “...” is closest in meaning to...

Which of the following words can take the place of the word...

針對這些問題，可以歸納出以下有效的方法。

一、因果法

在句子或段落中，若兩個事物現象之間構成因果關系，我們就可以根據這種邏輯關系推測生詞詞義。常用的表示因果關系的詞有：because，since，now that，in that，as，for，result in，result from，because of，as a result of，on account of ，thanks to，owing to，due to，so，therefore，thus，consequently，so/such...that，so that。

例1：I hated dinner parties.But I decided to give them another shot because Im in London.And because dinner parties in London are very different from those back in New York.

What does the word “shot” in Paragraph 1 probably mean

A.Choice B.Try C.Style D.Goal

“我”原來不喜歡派對，但是“我”決定試試，因為“我”現在是在倫敦。此處的shot與 try同義，表示“嘗試”，所以選擇B。

二、對比法（或轉折法）

利用文中的反義詞或者表轉折和否定意義的詞匯猜測詞義。英文中常表示轉折關系的詞或短語有：but，however，while，whereas，yet，though，表示讓步關系的單詞或短語有：although，as，though，while，even if，even though，in spite of，despite，例表示否定語境中的前者意義的短語有：unlike，instead，instead of，rather than，otherwise，on the contrary，not...but....

例2：The major points of your plan are clear to me ，but the details are still haze.

A.not clear B.well organised C.very long

根據but，所以答案是A。

三、定義法

一般通過定義、定語從句，或者同位語從句確定詞義。通常通過is，that is（to say），or，in other words，define，refer to，mean，namely等詞匯或者破折號表示。

例3：Here is The Pines ，whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ，wild boar ，and reindeer with surprising sauces .

According the passage，The Pines is a ？搖 ？搖.

A.place in which you can see many mobile homes

B.mountain where you can get a good view of the valley

C.town which happens to be near the Banff National Park

D.restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food

通過whose引導的定語從句，不難推出理解題的答案為D。

四、關鍵詞法

關鍵詞就是題目中或者文中最重要的某個詞或多數詞，如果改變它們，那么整個句意就會發生根本性的改變，所以找見關鍵詞具有至關重要的作用。

例4：I had always traveled to Malaysia by plane or car，so this was the first time I was on a train.I did not particularly relish the long train journey and had brought along a dozen magazines to read and reread.

Which of the following words can best take the place of the word “relish” in the second paragraph？

A.choose B.enjoy C.prepare for D.carry on

通過體現語境的關鍵詞first time，read and reread，知道雖然是第一次旅行，但是作者買了很多雜志在火車上反復讀，所以選擇B。

五、指代法

就是通過句中的各種代詞，如other，some，still others等猜測詞義。

例5：Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs The answer is“yes”，according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.

In Science / Health，“Johns Hopkins” is ？搖 ？搖.

A.a famous university B.a medical center

C.a well-known doctor D.a drug company

根據代詞three other medical centers中的other，不難猜出Johns Hopkins是一家醫療中心，故選擇B。

六、舉例法

根據生詞后舉出的有關例子進行適當歸納，即使不能完全猜測生詞的詞義，也能猜出大致意義。標志性的短語有：for example ，for instance，such as，like，and so on。

例6： This is the reason why the word belated was invented. “Happy belated birth day！”is short for：“Well. I know I forgot，but then I remembered. Forgive me and happy birthday.”

The word “belated” in Situation IV probably means .

A.predicted B.returned C.cancelled D.delayed

根據引號所列舉的例子“Well. I know I forgot，but then I remembered”，所以D正確，“delayed”遲到的，晚來的。

七、同義詞法

在英語閱讀文章中，多數句子是通過同義詞或者近義詞表達句意的，考查學生對于同義詞的認知能力。

例7：As we walked up to her，my son became intimated by all the blood and medical equipment.He said he was just too scared to go up to her.

The underlined word intimated in the fourth paragraph probably means ？搖 ？搖.

A.astonished B.struck C.frightened D.excited

這道題只要知道scared是frightened的同義詞，都是害怕的意思，就很容易選對答案C。

所以在日常教學中，教師要幫助學生進行同義詞的專項總結。

八、構詞法

在猜測詞義的過程中，我們還可以依靠構詞法方面的知識，從生詞本身猜測詞義。英文單詞大多是由詞根、前綴、后綴組成的。在詞根前后加上前綴或后綴，可以改變磁性或者詞義。所以掌握了英文中常見的前后綴就可以很容易猜測詞義了。英文中常見的表否定的前后綴有：unlike，dislike，misunderstanding，incorrectly，impolite，illegal，irregular，abnormal，non-smokers，anti-Japanese war，endless。