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在線固相萃取—高效液相色譜—質譜法快速測定綿羊尿液中3種軛合態β—受體激動劑

2014-12-18 09:33:17李曉敏等
分析化學 2014年12期
關鍵詞:分析檢測方法

李曉敏等

摘 要 采用雙三元高效液相色譜和液相質譜聯用(HPLCMS/MS)建立了測定綿羊原始尿液及酶解后尿液中β受體激動劑(沙丁胺醇、克倫特羅、萊克多巴胺)在線SPE(Turboflow)檢測的方法。分別對Turboflow柱和分析柱條件進行優化,最終確定樣品上樣速率4 mL/min,進樣體積100 μL,樣品凈化時間0.5 min。本方法的回收率在91.3%~112.2%之間,線性范圍為0.1~100 μg/L,精密度RSD<1%,日間峰面積RSD<12%,說明方法的重現性和穩定性良好。在對酶解后的尿液檢測中發現,對于苯酚類β受體激動劑(沙丁胺醇、萊克多巴胺),酶解后的尿液中檢出化合物含量明顯高于未酶解樣品,對苯胺類β受體激動劑(克倫特羅)的影響不大。本方法只需對原始尿液或酶解后的尿液進行過膜處理,樣品的在線凈化、富集、柱平衡和最終分析可在15 min內完成,大大縮短了日常分析所需時間。

1 引 言

β受體激動劑是一類人工合成的苯乙醇胺類藥物,添加于飼料中能顯著提高動物胴體的瘦肉率和飼料轉化率。但人食用含有過量該類藥物殘留的動物食品后,將會引發不良反應[1]。我國曾發生多起瘦肉精中毒事件,對食品安全造成惡劣影響,因此,嚴禁在動物養殖中使用“瘦肉精”。但一些不法商販為獲取經濟利益,仍然非法使用該類藥物。近年來,一些反芻動物體內也偶有瘦肉精檢出。瘦肉精監控工作面對受試動物范圍廣、數量大、樣品基質復雜等難點,建立快速、可靠、準確的檢測方法是對該類違禁藥物管控的關鍵。

β受體激動劑的檢測包括快速檢測方法和儀器檢測方法??焖贆z測方法[2](如酶聯免疫法、膠體金試紙條等)成本低、前處理簡單。但與儀器方法相比,其假陽性/假陰性率高,無法確定目標分析物的準確含量; 檢測限較高,難以達到痕量分析水平。儀器檢測方法定性定量準確,如LCMS/MS法[3~5]常被用于確證方法。但這類方法前處理復雜,需要專業人員進行分析操作,平行性受到檢測人員熟練程度和操作細節影響,分析周期較長。其它儀器方法,如GC/MS[6,7]、GC/MS/MS[8]法等, 分析前需進行衍生反應,前處理過程更加復雜。

尿液[9,10]、血漿[11]、組織[12]常被用于監測人類/動物體內β受體激動劑水平。尿液與其它組織樣品相比,在采集過程中可避免對動物造成損傷,因此常被用于大規模安全監管的測試對象。Turboflow技術[13]可通過柱內物理作用和化學作用,快速分離樣品中大分子和小分子,大分子(雜質等)在柱內無保留而被快速沖出柱外,小分子(目標化合物)則可被保留在柱內。雙三元液相色譜系統具有可單獨操作的雙泵設計,給在線SPE技術提供了良好的支持平臺。

本研究將利用雙三元色譜系統,結合在線SPETurboflow技術在處理尿液中的優勢,在快速完成樣品的富集、凈化的同時,將其與三重四極串聯質譜儀聯用,對目標化合物進行準確的定量分析。此外,β受體激動劑在動物體內酶的催化作用下可與一些小分子結合,在尿液中以游離態和軛合態的形式同時存在,不經水解直接分析將會造成對目標化合物的低估[14,15]。本方法可直接對酶解后的尿液進行進樣分析,從而快速分析酶解對測定尿液中β受體激動劑的影響,得到尿液中的總含量水平,為食品安全監控提供及時數據。

2 實驗部分

2.1 材料與試劑

3.2 上樣速率

上樣速率會對化合物在Turboflow柱內保留行為造成較大影響。較高流速下,大分子在Turboflow柱內幾乎無保留,小分子則可在湍流作用下進入柱內微小孔徑,增加駐留時間。本研究分別考察了1, 2, 3和 4 mL/min流速下目標化合物和雜質的保留時間(圖2)。從圖2可見,除克倫特羅在2 mL/min流速下保留略差外,其它差別不大。但紫外圖譜顯示,尿液中雜質在4 mL/min流速下以更快的速度被沖出Turboflow柱,而且與目標化合物的出峰時間無重疊,因此選擇4 mL/min作為上樣流速。

3.3 進樣體積

分別考察了10, 50和100 μL進樣體積的色譜響應。結果顯示,隨進樣體積增加,色譜峰面積明顯升高,而基線響應無明顯變化。因此,大體積進樣結合在線SPE方法可減輕基質效應干擾,獲得更好的靈敏度。雙三元液相色譜系統最高可允許1 mL的進樣體積。本研究因100 μL進樣體積已完全滿足分析需要,故選擇100 μL作為最終進樣體積。

3.4 樣品凈化時間

尿液中無機鹽、尿素和尿酸等成分會對分析造成干擾。利用在線SPE處理樣品時雜質和目標化合物在Turboflow柱得到分離,雜質直接進入廢液,目標化合物組分在柱內保留。延長樣品凈化時間可以更徹底去除雜質,但目標化合物的回收率同時會受到影響。酶解和不酶解前處理方法見2.3節。如表4所示,酶解前后測定結果有較大差異。尿液中沙丁胺醇、克倫特羅、萊克多巴胺酶解后濃度分別是酶解前的169,1.2和5.9倍。這說明在檢測尿液中克倫特羅時,可采取直接進樣的方法; 而在測定沙丁胺醇和萊克多巴胺時,則需經過酶解過程方能獲得更為準確的結果。這與文獻[14\]一致,同時也說明本方法能夠快速準確地對酶解后的尿液樣品進行測定。

References

1 Libretto S E. Arch. Toxicol., 1994, 68(4): 213-216

2 Sauer M J, Pickett R J H, Mackenzie A L. Anal. Chim. Acta, 1993, 275(12): 195-203

3 Suo D C, Zhao G L, Wang P L, Su X O. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 2014, 52(7): 604-608

4 Wang L Q, He L M, Wang Z, Wang X F, Shu J H, Yang J W, Zhang G K, Zeng Z L. Analyst, 2013, 138(16): 4579-4584

5 WANG FengMei, ZHANG HongWei, PANG ShiPing, TANG ZhiXu, NIU ZengYuan, LUO Xin. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2008, 36(12): 1629-1635

王鳳美, 張鴻偉, 龐士平, 湯志旭, 牛增元, 羅 忻. 分析化學, 2008, 36(12): 1629-1635

6 BIAN Kui, LIN Tao, LIU Min, YANG JianWen, WANG ZongNan, HE LiMin. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2014, 32(2): 162-168

卞 愧, 林 濤, 劉 敏, 楊建文, 王宗楠, 賀利民. 色譜, 2014, 32(2): 162-168

7 Henze M K, Opfermann G, SpahnLangguth H, Schnzera W. J. Chromatogr. B, 2001, 751(1): 93-105

8 Amendola L, Colamonici C, Rossi F, Botre F. J. Chromatogr. B, 2002, 773(1): 7-16

9 Nicoli R, Petrou M, Badoud F, Dvorak J, Saugy M, Baume N. J. Chromatogr. A, 2013, 1292: 142-150

10 Mauro D, Ciardullo S, Civitareale C, Fiori M, Pastorelli A A, Stacchini P, Palleschi G. Microchemical Journal, 2014, 115: 70-77

11 Pleadin J, Vulic A, Persi N, Terzic S, Andrisic M, Zarkovic I. J. Anal. Toxicol, 2013, 37(4): 241-245

12 Pleadin J, Vulic A, Mitak M, Persi N, Milic D. J. Anal. Toxicol, 2011, 35(1): 28-31

13 Quinn H M, Takarewski J J. 1997, Int. patent WO 97/16724

14 LI Yang, SU XiaoOu, ZHANG Wei, FAN Xia, WANG PeiLong, WANG RuiGuo, WANG Xiao. Chinese J. Anal.Chem., 2014, 42(5): 717-722

李 陽, 蘇曉鷗, 張 維, 樊 霞, 王培龍, 王瑞國, 王 驍. 分析化學, 2014, 42(5): 717-722

15 Damasceno L, Ventura R, Cardoso J, Segura J. J. Chromatogr. B, 2002, 780(1): 61-71

Direct Analysis of Combined βAgonist in Sheep Urine Using

Online Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with Liquid

ChromatographyTandem Mass Spectrometry

LI XiaoMin1, GAO Yan2, SU XiaoOu*1, LI Yang1, WANG RuiGuo1, ZHANG Yu1, FU JianJie2

1(Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for AgroProducts,

The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China)

2(Research Center for EcoEnvironmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China)

Abstract A novel method based on the combination of online SPE (Turboflow) with high performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (HPLCMS/MS) was developed to detect the residues of salbutamol, clenbuterol and ractopamine in sheep urine. First of all, the mobile phases of Turboflow and analytical columns were optimized. Then the influence of sampling flow rate (4 mL/min), sampling volume (100 μL), and sampling elution time (0.5 min) was evaluated and the most optimal conditions were finally selected. The recovery of this method was in the range of 91.3%-112.2%, and the linear range was from 0.1 to 100 μg/L. RSD calculated from chromatography peak area of intra and interday was less than 1% and 12% respectively, which indicated a very good instrument repeatability and stability. Furthermore, urine samples obtained from dosing sheep were analyzed to make a comparison between the enzymolysis and unenzymolysis samples. The results showed that much higher levels of salbutamol and ractopamine were found after hydrolysis, but the concentration of clenbuterol was in the very same level. In the established method, the only pretreatment needed is the enzymolysis process. Without any other pretreatments, all the analytical processes can be finished in 15 min, including online sample cleanup, online sample preconcentration, column balance and determination of target compounds. The method is quick, simple, reliable and effective, and can be applied in large scale supervision of illegal usage of βagonists.

Keywords Urine; Sheep; βAgonists; Online solid phase extraction; Turboflow column

(Received 29 August 2014; accepted 7 October 2014)

5 WANG FengMei, ZHANG HongWei, PANG ShiPing, TANG ZhiXu, NIU ZengYuan, LUO Xin. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2008, 36(12): 1629-1635

王鳳美, 張鴻偉, 龐士平, 湯志旭, 牛增元, 羅 忻. 分析化學, 2008, 36(12): 1629-1635

6 BIAN Kui, LIN Tao, LIU Min, YANG JianWen, WANG ZongNan, HE LiMin. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2014, 32(2): 162-168

卞 愧, 林 濤, 劉 敏, 楊建文, 王宗楠, 賀利民. 色譜, 2014, 32(2): 162-168

7 Henze M K, Opfermann G, SpahnLangguth H, Schnzera W. J. Chromatogr. B, 2001, 751(1): 93-105

8 Amendola L, Colamonici C, Rossi F, Botre F. J. Chromatogr. B, 2002, 773(1): 7-16

9 Nicoli R, Petrou M, Badoud F, Dvorak J, Saugy M, Baume N. J. Chromatogr. A, 2013, 1292: 142-150

10 Mauro D, Ciardullo S, Civitareale C, Fiori M, Pastorelli A A, Stacchini P, Palleschi G. Microchemical Journal, 2014, 115: 70-77

11 Pleadin J, Vulic A, Persi N, Terzic S, Andrisic M, Zarkovic I. J. Anal. Toxicol, 2013, 37(4): 241-245

12 Pleadin J, Vulic A, Mitak M, Persi N, Milic D. J. Anal. Toxicol, 2011, 35(1): 28-31

13 Quinn H M, Takarewski J J. 1997, Int. patent WO 97/16724

14 LI Yang, SU XiaoOu, ZHANG Wei, FAN Xia, WANG PeiLong, WANG RuiGuo, WANG Xiao. Chinese J. Anal.Chem., 2014, 42(5): 717-722

李 陽, 蘇曉鷗, 張 維, 樊 霞, 王培龍, 王瑞國, 王 驍. 分析化學, 2014, 42(5): 717-722

15 Damasceno L, Ventura R, Cardoso J, Segura J. J. Chromatogr. B, 2002, 780(1): 61-71

Direct Analysis of Combined βAgonist in Sheep Urine Using

Online Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with Liquid

ChromatographyTandem Mass Spectrometry

LI XiaoMin1, GAO Yan2, SU XiaoOu*1, LI Yang1, WANG RuiGuo1, ZHANG Yu1, FU JianJie2

1(Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for AgroProducts,

The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China)

2(Research Center for EcoEnvironmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China)

Abstract A novel method based on the combination of online SPE (Turboflow) with high performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (HPLCMS/MS) was developed to detect the residues of salbutamol, clenbuterol and ractopamine in sheep urine. First of all, the mobile phases of Turboflow and analytical columns were optimized. Then the influence of sampling flow rate (4 mL/min), sampling volume (100 μL), and sampling elution time (0.5 min) was evaluated and the most optimal conditions were finally selected. The recovery of this method was in the range of 91.3%-112.2%, and the linear range was from 0.1 to 100 μg/L. RSD calculated from chromatography peak area of intra and interday was less than 1% and 12% respectively, which indicated a very good instrument repeatability and stability. Furthermore, urine samples obtained from dosing sheep were analyzed to make a comparison between the enzymolysis and unenzymolysis samples. The results showed that much higher levels of salbutamol and ractopamine were found after hydrolysis, but the concentration of clenbuterol was in the very same level. In the established method, the only pretreatment needed is the enzymolysis process. Without any other pretreatments, all the analytical processes can be finished in 15 min, including online sample cleanup, online sample preconcentration, column balance and determination of target compounds. The method is quick, simple, reliable and effective, and can be applied in large scale supervision of illegal usage of βagonists.

Keywords Urine; Sheep; βAgonists; Online solid phase extraction; Turboflow column

(Received 29 August 2014; accepted 7 October 2014)

5 WANG FengMei, ZHANG HongWei, PANG ShiPing, TANG ZhiXu, NIU ZengYuan, LUO Xin. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2008, 36(12): 1629-1635

王鳳美, 張鴻偉, 龐士平, 湯志旭, 牛增元, 羅 忻. 分析化學, 2008, 36(12): 1629-1635

6 BIAN Kui, LIN Tao, LIU Min, YANG JianWen, WANG ZongNan, HE LiMin. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2014, 32(2): 162-168

卞 愧, 林 濤, 劉 敏, 楊建文, 王宗楠, 賀利民. 色譜, 2014, 32(2): 162-168

7 Henze M K, Opfermann G, SpahnLangguth H, Schnzera W. J. Chromatogr. B, 2001, 751(1): 93-105

8 Amendola L, Colamonici C, Rossi F, Botre F. J. Chromatogr. B, 2002, 773(1): 7-16

9 Nicoli R, Petrou M, Badoud F, Dvorak J, Saugy M, Baume N. J. Chromatogr. A, 2013, 1292: 142-150

10 Mauro D, Ciardullo S, Civitareale C, Fiori M, Pastorelli A A, Stacchini P, Palleschi G. Microchemical Journal, 2014, 115: 70-77

11 Pleadin J, Vulic A, Persi N, Terzic S, Andrisic M, Zarkovic I. J. Anal. Toxicol, 2013, 37(4): 241-245

12 Pleadin J, Vulic A, Mitak M, Persi N, Milic D. J. Anal. Toxicol, 2011, 35(1): 28-31

13 Quinn H M, Takarewski J J. 1997, Int. patent WO 97/16724

14 LI Yang, SU XiaoOu, ZHANG Wei, FAN Xia, WANG PeiLong, WANG RuiGuo, WANG Xiao. Chinese J. Anal.Chem., 2014, 42(5): 717-722

李 陽, 蘇曉鷗, 張 維, 樊 霞, 王培龍, 王瑞國, 王 驍. 分析化學, 2014, 42(5): 717-722

15 Damasceno L, Ventura R, Cardoso J, Segura J. J. Chromatogr. B, 2002, 780(1): 61-71

Direct Analysis of Combined βAgonist in Sheep Urine Using

Online Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with Liquid

ChromatographyTandem Mass Spectrometry

LI XiaoMin1, GAO Yan2, SU XiaoOu*1, LI Yang1, WANG RuiGuo1, ZHANG Yu1, FU JianJie2

1(Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for AgroProducts,

The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China)

2(Research Center for EcoEnvironmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China)

Abstract A novel method based on the combination of online SPE (Turboflow) with high performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (HPLCMS/MS) was developed to detect the residues of salbutamol, clenbuterol and ractopamine in sheep urine. First of all, the mobile phases of Turboflow and analytical columns were optimized. Then the influence of sampling flow rate (4 mL/min), sampling volume (100 μL), and sampling elution time (0.5 min) was evaluated and the most optimal conditions were finally selected. The recovery of this method was in the range of 91.3%-112.2%, and the linear range was from 0.1 to 100 μg/L. RSD calculated from chromatography peak area of intra and interday was less than 1% and 12% respectively, which indicated a very good instrument repeatability and stability. Furthermore, urine samples obtained from dosing sheep were analyzed to make a comparison between the enzymolysis and unenzymolysis samples. The results showed that much higher levels of salbutamol and ractopamine were found after hydrolysis, but the concentration of clenbuterol was in the very same level. In the established method, the only pretreatment needed is the enzymolysis process. Without any other pretreatments, all the analytical processes can be finished in 15 min, including online sample cleanup, online sample preconcentration, column balance and determination of target compounds. The method is quick, simple, reliable and effective, and can be applied in large scale supervision of illegal usage of βagonists.

Keywords Urine; Sheep; βAgonists; Online solid phase extraction; Turboflow column

(Received 29 August 2014; accepted 7 October 2014)

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