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癲患兒社交能力調查及相關因素分析

2015-01-08 13:52:12張利利杜曉南劉田田
復旦學報(醫學版) 2015年6期
關鍵詞:兒童

張利利 鄭 靜 周 浩 杜曉南 劉田田 路 通 徐 秀 王 藝,3△

張利利1▲鄭 靜1▲周 浩1杜曉南1劉田田1路 通1徐 秀2王 藝1,3△

(1復旦大學附屬兒科醫院神經內科,2兒保科 上海 201102;3復旦大學腦科學協同創新中心 上海 200032)

目的 利用社交反應量表(social responsiveness scale,SRS)對門診癲患兒社交溝通能力的篩查評估,并對篩查評估結果進行相關因素的初步研究。方法選取2013年9月至2014年3月對在復旦大學附屬兒科醫院癲門診就診的4~18歲癲患兒及6~12歲正常在校兒童進行一項病例對照研究。由其父母填寫SRS量表,收集癲患兒病史及臨床資料,并對癲患兒和正常在校兒童的篩查結果、社交反應特點及相關因素進行比較分析。結果癲組SRS總分及5個維度得分均高于對照組(χ2=11.92,P<0.05)。癲組內SRS篩查陽性患兒在SRS 5個維度得分均明顯高于癲組內SRS篩查陰性患兒(P<0.000 1)。癲組各臨床特點中,早發癲(癲首發年齡≤2歲,χ2=5.26,P=0.02)和智力低下(χ2=30.04,P<0.000 1)與SRS篩查陽性相關。結論與正常兒童相比,癲患兒存在社交溝通缺陷,提示臨床應對癲患兒進行常規的社交溝通能力評估,以加強對小兒癲的綜合管理。

癲; 社交能力; 社交反應量表; 兒童

【Abstraet】 Objcetivc Social responsiveness scale(SRS)was used to evaluate social skills in outpatients with epilepsy,and to analyze the related factors. Mcthods A case control study was conducted from Sep.,2013 to Mar.,2014.Epileptic patients between 4 and 18 years from epilepsy center in Children's Hospital,Fudan University and primary students between 6 and 12 years as the control group were enrolled.SRS questionnaires were completed by parents,and clinical history would be collected to do analysis between epileptic patients and primary students,in order to identify the higher risk factors of social difficulties. Rcsults The total score and 5 subscales'score of SRS in epileptic patients were significantly higher than than in the control group(χ2=11.92,P<0.05). Epileptic patients who had positive results in SRS had significantly higher mean score in 5 subscales than the negative ones(P<0.000 1).In clinical characteristics of epilepsy,early onset epilepsy(age of seizureonset≤2 years,χ2=5.26,P=0.02)and intellectual disability(ID,χ2=30.04,P<0.000 1)were associated with SRS positive results. Conelusions Children with epilepsy were more likely to have social difficulties compared with general child population.Routine evaluation for social skills should be performed in children with epilepsy,in order to strengthen the management of pediatric epilepsy.

【Kcy words】 epilepsy; social skills; social responsiveness scale; children

資料和方法

研究對象癲組:2013年9月至2014年3月期間在復旦大學附屬兒科醫院癲門診就診的4~18歲癲患兒,由其父母填寫SRS量表,并收集患兒相關臨床資料,共回收有效問卷72份。患兒4~16歲,男女比例2.4∶1,平均年齡(8.1+2.9)歲。納入標準:4~18歲符合國際抗癲聯盟(ILAE)關于癲的診斷分類標準的癲患兒[9]。排除標準:合并其他精神類疾病者,如精神分裂癥、轉換性障礙等。正常對照組:同期對上海市閔行區某普通小學就讀的6~12歲正常在校兒童進行問卷調查。學生將問卷帶回并由家長填寫,次日回收。共收回有效問卷134份,男女比例為1.1∶1,平均年齡(8.2+ 1.9)歲。排除標準:曾被診斷ASD、癲、高熱驚厥、智力低下者。兩組兒童在年齡構成上差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),但是在性別構成上差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。

研究方法本研究采用SRS,此量表由Constantino和Gruber于2005年編制,適用于4~18歲兒童。量表將社交能力量化,可用來評估兒童社交能力情況,也用于輔助診斷ASD,特別是孤獨癥癥狀較輕的ASD。SRS共包含65個條目,分為5個維度,即社交知覺(social awareness)、社交認知(social cognition)、社交溝通(social communication)、社交動機(social motivation)及孤獨癥行為方式(autistic mannerism)。量表每個項目根據填表者的選定級數評出1~4分不等,分別對應“不符”、“有些”、“經常”、“符合”,各項目得分根據所屬的維度用換算公式進行換算,得到各維度總分,相加得到SRS量表總分數,總分≥59.5分為篩查陽性。總分越高,社交障礙程度越重,總分越低,社交能力越好。這樣就將被評估者的社交能力各個方面用一個分數表示,量化社交能力,便于評估比較。中文版SRS具有良好的信度和效度[10]。6歲以下兒童采用0~6歲發育篩查測試量表,6歲以上采用韋氏兒童智力量表進行智力評估,智力低下參考智商(IQ<70)及行為進行診斷。

統計學方法用SAS 9.2統計軟件對數據進行統計,采用Pearsonχ2、t檢驗及校正t檢驗方法進行分析,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。

結 果

兩組兒童SRS量表評分比較病例組共回收有效問卷72份,對照組共回收有效問卷134份,癲組SRS篩查陽性率高于正常對照組(P<0.05,表1)。癲組SRS各維度得分及總分均高于對照組,且差異有統計學意義(P<0.05,表2)。

母孕期年齡>35歲者僅2例,未做統計分析。對癲組SRS篩查陽性患兒與SRS篩查陰性患兒的產前情況、出生史及癲臨床情況進行Pearsonχ2檢驗比較(表3),發現僅早發癲(癲首發年齡≤2歲)、智力低下與篩查結果相關,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。

表1 癲組與對照組SRS篩查陽性率比較Tab 1 Thc serccning rcsults of SRS positivc ratc in easc group and eontrol group

表1 癲組與對照組SRS篩查陽性率比較Tab 1 Thc serccning rcsults of SRS positivc ratc in easc group and eontrol group

GroupSRS positive SRS negative χ2POR95%CI Case22(30.56% )502.943 11.9 <0.05 1.338-6.241 Control15(11.19% )119

表2 癲組與對照組SRS總分及各維度得分比較Tab 2 Thc total seorc and 5 subsealcs'seorc of SRSin easc group and eontrol group(±s)

表2 癲組與對照組SRS總分及各維度得分比較Tab 2 Thc total seorc and 5 subsealcs'seorc of SRSin easc group and eontrol group(±s)

ItemCase group(n=72)Control group(n=134)tPCohen's D valueSocial awareness8.56+3.806.35+3.224.39<0.050.69Social cognition11.08+5.038.17+4.304.35<0.050.68Social communication15.54+9.2610.02+6.004.56<0.050.92Social motivation10.54+4.867.79+4.064.32<0.050.68Autistic mannerism6.92+5.485.04+3.312.65<0.050.57Total score52.64+24.6437.40+17.085.21<0.050.89

表3 癲組SRS篩查陽性與陰性患兒的臨床資料相關分析Tab 3 Thc analysis of elinieal data in SRS positivc and ncgativc ehildrcn with cpilcpsy

表3 癲組SRS篩查陽性與陰性患兒的臨床資料相關分析Tab 3 Thc analysis of elinieal data in SRS positivc and ncgativc ehildrcn with cpilcpsy

ParametersSRSpositive (n=22)SRSnegative (n=50)χ2PParametersSRSpositive (n=22)SRSnegative (n=50)χ2PGender Course disease(y)Male 1833417 Female1.850.171-5122.32 0.3129 8 >511Yes5No2.074550.15Abortion historyNumber of antiepileptic drug≤140>18102.180.14 Yes511 14 No 17?390.00 Seizure type Abnormal gestationFocal seizure0.951436Deliverymode Generalized seizure 8140.500.481430Cesarean section Vaginal birth 8200.090.77Valid1024Gestational ageInvalid 12260.040.8428 Intelligence level Premature birthDrug effect Full-term birth 20420.61Normal0.43341Birth weight(kg)Mental retardation1719930.04<0.0001 <2.531 192.5-444 0.27 0.87Normal517 2 >4Focal epileptiform310 Electroencephalogram23 1.540.46 7 Birth abnormalities10Multifocal epileptiform 4No8Yes 0.05 42 0.82Normal Cranial imaging(n=39)61518 First-episode age(y)Abnormal105130.000.969 ≤28>21342 0.022 Family convulsion history Yes5.26<147No18430.210.65

討 論

兒童時期是社交能力形成的重要階段,但是近來文獻報道已證實,兒童慢性疾病將嚴重導致患兒社交能力缺陷[11],從而影響其身心發展。相對于其他慢性疾病而言,中樞神經系統相關性疾病對兒童社交能力的影響更為突出[12]。癲是小兒神經系統最常見的慢性疾病,常合并社交功能缺陷,嚴重影響患兒生活質量問題[13-14]。有研究顯示即便是癲控制良好且智力正常的患兒,與同齡正常兒童相比仍存在社會認知和社交能力缺陷問題,甚至共患社交障礙性疾病,如孤獨癥[15]。

本研究主要局限性在于樣本較少、隨訪持續時間短及SRS篩查陽性患兒未行進一步的社交障礙性疾病診斷及異常行為評估。故癲和常見的社交障礙性疾病及精神障礙性疾病之間的相關危險因素分析有待進一步研究證實。但目前的研究結果表明,癲患兒具有較高的社交障礙患病率,在癲門診進行常規的社交能力篩查有其必要性和緊迫性,可及早篩選出可能合并ASD等社交障礙性疾病的癲患兒,及早進行行為干預,改善其生活質量,減輕社會、家庭負擔具有重要的社會和學術意義。此外,兒科醫師對臨床實踐中普遍存在的發育行為問題重視不夠。隨著神經生物學及神經科學不斷發展,認識也不斷提高,國內有專家呼吁重視癲患兒合并的精神行為問題。但迄今為止,國內外尚無應用于小兒癲門診篩查社交能力及行為評估的相關指南,尚無專門針對癲共患社交行為障礙患兒的干預指南,因此需要大樣本、多中心的進一步研究證實,為臨床評估和干預提供研究證據。

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Study for soeial skills in ehildrcn with cpilcpsy and rclatcd faetors

ZHANG Li-li1▲,ZHENG Jing1▲,ZHOU Hao1,DU Xiao-nan1,LIU Tian-tian1,
LU Tong1,XU Xiu2,WANG Yi1,3△
(1Department of Neurology,2Department of Child Healthcare,Children's Hospital,Fudan University,Shanghai 201102,China;3Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science,Fudan University,Shanghai 200032,China)

R 748

B

10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2015.06.011

2015-03-10;編輯:沈玲)

國家衛生和計劃生育委員會項目(201302002)

▲Co-first authors

△Corresponding author E-mail:yiwang@shmu.edu.cn

*This work was supportcd by thc Program of National hcalth and Family Planning Commission of China(201302002).

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