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視前正中核神經元調節睡眠-覺醒的研究進展

2015-01-08 13:53:02王典茹綜述黃志力曲衛敏審校
復旦學報(醫學版) 2015年6期

王典茹(綜述) 黃志力,2,3 曲衛敏,2△(審校)

視前正中核神經元調節睡眠-覺醒的研究進展

王典茹1(綜述) 黃志力1,2,3曲衛敏1,2△(審校)

(1復旦大學基礎醫學院藥理學系,2腦科學研究院和腦科學協同創新中心,3醫學神經生物學國家重點實驗室 上海 200032)

視前正中核(median preoptic nucleus,MnPO)位于下丘腦視前區,主要由GABA能和谷氨酸能神經元組成。研究顯示,MnPO在睡眠時大部分細胞放電增加;動物睡眠剝奪后,睡眠張力增高,MnPO區c-Fos表達量增多;毀損大鼠MnPO,睡眠量減少,覺醒量增加。MnPO與腦內多個調控睡眠覺醒的核團有神經纖維聯系。在MnPO區微注射GABAA受體激動劑,抑制MnPO神經元,導致覺醒相關腦區神經元去抑制,引起覺醒,提示MnPO區GABA能神經可通過抑制覺醒核團來維持睡眠。本文綜述MnPO調節睡眠-覺醒作用的研究進展。

視前正中核; 睡眠; 覺醒

Advanecs in slccp-wakc rcgulation of thc mcdian prcoptie ncuelcus

WANG Dian-ru1,HUANG Zhi-li1,2,3,QU Wei-min1,2△

(1Department of Pharmacology,School of Basic Medical Sciences,2Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science,3State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology,Fudan University,Shanghai 200032,China)

【Abstraet】 The median preoptic nucleus(MnPO)located in the hypothalamus preoptic area,mainly consists of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons.It has been reported that most MnPO neurons are activated during sleep.Sleep deprived rats exhibit an increase in c-Fos expression in the MnPO with the increase of sleep propensity.Lesion of rat MnPO decreases the amount of sleep with an increase in wakefulness.Furthermore,MnPO innervates most of sleep-wake regulatory nuclei.Microinjection of GABAAreceptor agonist into the MnPO inhibits the MnPO neurons,and results in the disinhibition of wake-related nuclei projected from the MnPO and induces wakefulness.These findings indicate that the activation of MnPO neurons contributes to the suppression of wake-promoting systems and promotes sleep.In this review,we summarized the advances in the roles of MnPO in sleep-wake regulation.

【Kcy words】 median preoptic nucleus; sleep; wake

*This work was supportcd by thc National Kcy Dcvclopmcnt Plan of Foundamcntal Rcscareh of China(2011CB711000,2015CB856401)and thc National Natural Seicnec Foundation of China(31171010,31271164,31471064,81420108015).

研究發現,位于下丘腦視前區的2個核團——腹外側視前區(ventrolateral preoptic nucleus,VLPO)和視前正中核(median preoptic nucleus, MnPO)參與睡眠調節。自1996年以來,大量研究顯示VLPO與睡眠調節密切相關[1]。多數報道認為MnPO參與調節水鹽攝取、體溫等生理活動,但也有研究提示MnPO在睡眠調節中發揮重要作用。電生理及免疫組化實驗發現,MnPO神經元在非快動眼(non-rapid eye movement,NREM)睡眠時活性增強[2-3]。MnPO神經元與腦內多個調控睡眠-覺醒的核團有神經纖維聯系,通過抑制覺醒核團或興奮睡眠中樞,維持睡眠[4-5]。本文從神經電生理、藥理學和神經化學等方面綜述Mn PO調節睡眠-覺醒作用研究進展。

MnPO的神經解剖學和基本功能視前正中核是位于下丘腦視前區中縫上的核團,它在前連合上形成一個蓋帽結構,位于第3腦室前壁,被前連合分為背側和喙側。MnPO區主要存在2種神經元:谷氨酸能神經元和γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)能神經元[6]。MnPO對機體內穩態調節具有重要作用,例如水鹽平衡、血壓、渴覺[7]、體溫以及睡眠[8]等。

MnPO與腦內睡眠-覺醒相關核團有廣泛纖維聯系。MnPO神經元支配下丘腦室旁核

(paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus,PVH)[9]、外側下丘腦穹窿區(perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area,PF/LH)[5]、視交叉上核(suprachiasmatic nucleus,SCN)、視上核(supraoptic nucleus,SON)[10]、中縫背核(dorsal raphe nucleus,DRN)、藍斑(locus coeruleus,LC)[11]、VLPO[12]和下丘腦背內側核(dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus,DMH)[13]。MnPO也接受來自臂旁核(parabrachial nucleus,PB)[14]、DMH[13]、穹窿下器(subfornical organ,SFO)[15]和終板血管器(organum vasculosum lamina terminalis,OVLT)[16]的纖維傳入(圖1)。已證明VLPO參與睡眠的調控及維持[17],LH、MPB、LC以及DRN對于覺醒的維持發揮著關鍵作用[18-20]。除此之外,DRN和LC還參與調控快動眼(rapid eye movement,REM)睡眠[21],SCN和DMH可通過調節生物節律影響睡眠[22-23]。MnPO與睡眠-覺醒核團的解剖學聯系提示MnPO可能參與調節睡眠-覺醒。

圖1 MnPO與睡眠-覺醒核團神經網絡系統Fig 1 Conncetion of MnPO with slccp-wcck rcgulation systcms

MnPO區GABA能神經元活性與睡眠相關

在體電生理記錄SD大鼠的MnPO神經元放電特性發現:約75%的MnPO神經元在睡眠時放電增加,其中58%的細胞在REM睡眠和NREM睡眠時都處于活化狀態,被認為是睡眠相關神經元。REM睡眠相關神經元表現出高頻率的爆發式放電,腦波以θ波為主[3]。大多睡眠相關神經元在睡眠起始前出現放電頻率增加,提示MnPO神經元的活動與啟動睡眠過程相關。

大鼠睡眠剝奪2 h后,在體記錄發現MnPO睡眠相關神經元興奮。在隨后的睡眠恢復期,MnPO 區REM睡眠相關神經元放電增加約65.6%[24]。Sakai等[25]進一步研究Mn PO神經元與睡眠的相關性及神經元類型,發現MnPO中31.9%的神經元為睡眠活性神經元,33%的為覺醒活性神經元,覺醒/REM睡眠活性神經元占23.4%,少量神經元(11.7%)與睡眠無相關性。電毀損大鼠的MnPO后,睡眠量顯著減少,覺醒量增加[26]。以上提示,MnPO部分神經元活性與睡眠呈正相關。

Modirrousta等[27]發現,大鼠睡眠時MnPO區的GABA能神經元活性升高,c-Fos表達增強,其中75%以上的c-Fos陽性細胞都與谷氨酸脫羧酶(glutamic acid decarboxylase,GAD)共標。大鼠睡眠剝奪后,睡眠張力增強,MnPO區的GABA能神經元大量表達c-Fos,說明MnPO的GABA能神經元在睡眠剝奪后活化,對睡眠內穩態調節起重要作用[8,28]。貓在體研究也發現,MnPO的GABA能神經元參與維持睡眠,尤其是NREM睡眠[29]。大鼠側腦室給予生長激素釋放激素,可增加動物睡眠量和Mn PO區c-Fos表達,且大部分c-Fos陽性細胞與GAD共標[30]。因此,MnPO區的GABA能神經元參與調控睡眠。

MnPO區多數谷氨酸能神經元放電頻率低于GABA能神經元,為1~5 Hz[31]。電刺激MnPO,同時記錄其下游LH神經元的放電變化,觀察到不同的反應[5]。Sakai[25]認為MnPO區有33%的神經元可能是谷氨酸能神經元,具有促覺醒作用。提示MnPO區的谷氨酸能神經元在睡眠-覺醒調控中的作用與GABA能神經元不同。

藥理學方法調控 MnPO活性影響睡眠腺苷(adenosine,AD)是目前已知的強效內源性促睡眠因子,可能通過激活腺苷A1和A2A受體在視前區發揮作用[32-33],與睡眠調節的內穩態過程有關[34]。采用微透析法在MnPO給予腺苷及其轉運體抑制劑硝基苯硫嘌呤核苷酸[S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thionosine,NBTI],均能促進睡眠[35]。側腦室或基底前腦喙側蛛網膜下腔給予A2A受體激動劑,可引起睡眠;且MnPO和VLPO區GABA能神經元的c-Fos表達增多,而與覺醒密切相關的組胺能神經元結節乳頭體核(tuberomammillary nucleus,TMN)的c-Fos表達量下降[36-38]。相反,側腦室給予A2A受體拮抗劑可抑制Mn PO和VLPO區GABA能神經元的c-Fos表達,并抑制睡眠剝奪后的睡眠反彈[39]。以上結果提示,腺苷通過A2A受體間接或直接活化MnPO和VLPO的GABA能神經元,促進睡眠。

大鼠側腦室內給予IL-1β,可增加NREM睡眠達4~5 h,同時MnPO區c-Fos表達增加,而VLPO無明顯變化[40]。Orexin是重要的促覺醒物質[41-42],離體電生理研究發現,Orexin可通過Orexin A和Orexin B受體增加部分MnPO神經元的活性[43]。

MnPO通過抑制覺醒核團活性,調控睡眠

MnPO神經元向覺醒相關核團廣泛投射,并且大多MnPO睡眠相關神經元是GABA能[44]。MnPO的GABA能神經元投射至外側下丘腦穹窿區(PF/ LH)的Orexin能神經元和中縫背核(dorsal raphe nucleus,DRN)的5-羥色胺能神經元。PF/LH的orexin能神經元和DRN的5-羥色胺能神經元參與覺醒的調節。在麻醉大鼠MnPO區微注射GABAA受體激動劑蠅蕈醇,抑制MnPO神經元活性。與對照組相比,PF/LH的Orexin能神經元和DRN的五羥色胺能神經元c-Fos表達量顯著增加,而下丘腦中黑色素凝集激素能神經元無明顯變化[45]。表明MnPO的GABA能神經元通過抑制調控覺醒的PF/LH Orexin能和DRN的5-羥色胺能神經元活性,調節睡眠。

為了研究MnPO對PH/LH的調節功能,對自由活動的大鼠MnPO進行電刺激,發現PH/LH區79%的神經元對電刺激有反應,但反應不同,大部分PH/LH神經元受到抑制,余下的一部分先抑制后興奮,另一部分先興奮后抑制,說明MnPO通過不同類型神經元直接調控PH/LH神經元活性[5]。在MnPO微透析給予L-谷氨酸興奮神經元,引起了PH/LH區覺醒相關神經元放電減少;而給予蠅蕈醇(GABAA受體激動劑)抑制MnPO神經元活性,引起PH/LH區睡眠相關神經元的興奮[5],說明MnPO睡眠活性神經元參與PF/LH的促覺醒神經元的調控,證實MnPO通過GABA能神經元抑制覺醒核團PF/LH促進睡眠。

MnPO神經元纖維也投射至中腦導水管周圍灰質(periaqueductal gray,PAG)[46],其中腹外側中腦導水管周圍灰質(ventrolateral periaqueductal gray,vlPAG)參與REM睡眠和覺醒調節[47]。逆行追蹤發現,睡眠完全剝奪后的睡眠恢復期,大鼠MnPO區c-Fos表達量顯著高于REM睡眠剝奪后睡眠恢復組和覺醒組,并且這些投射神經元與GAD共標,表明MnPO區的GABA能神經元抑制vlPAG神經元活性,促進睡眠[48]。

MnPO神經元不僅向覺醒核團投射,通過抑制促覺醒神經元產生促睡眠作用,同時MnPO也接受覺醒相關核團的投射。覺醒時,MnPO的GABA能神經元活性受到抑制。Modirrousta等[27]證明,大鼠奪眠后,同時表達腎上腺素α2受體和GAD的神經元興奮性增加,提示MnPO區的GABA能神經元在覺醒時受LC釋放的去甲腎上腺素所抑制。MnPO離體腦片神經元的全細胞記錄結果顯示,59%的細胞對去甲腎上腺素有反應,其中大部分表現為超極化,小部分表現為去極化[49]。提示MnPO 的GABA能神經元與覺醒相關核團LC之間相互作用調控睡眠。

組胺能神經系統也能調控 MnPO活性。組胺能神經元分布于下丘腦后部的TMN,其神經纖維投射至全腦。中樞組胺的釋放和組胺能神經元活性與覺醒時相呈正相關[37,50]。Lundius等[51]使用單細胞反轉錄PCR方法,發現MnPO的GABA能神經元表達組胺H3受體,非GABA能神經元表達H1受體,而幾乎無H2受體表達。離體腦片電生理研究證實,組胺可以通過 H3受體減少MnPO區GABA能神經元的放電頻率,通過H1受體增加非GABA能神經元的放電頻率,并使其去極化。另外,MnPO區vGlut2為標志的谷氨酸能神經元同時表達 H1受體,組胺可以通過 H1受體持續興奮谷氨酸能神經元[31]。以上提示,TMN組胺能神經元釋放的組胺,作為重要的促覺醒物質,通過H3受體抑制、H1受體興奮MnPO神經元[51]。

MnPO區GABA能神經元與覺醒核團之間的相互聯系和調控,與睡眠-覺醒調節的“蹺蹺板理論”[52]類似,即MnPO睡眠相關神經元興奮時,抑制覺醒相關核團,促進睡眠;反之,誘導覺醒。

其他下丘腦視前區也是重要的體溫調節中樞,這一區域包含大量的溫敏和冷敏神經元,構成哺乳動物腦內的溫度敏感區。MnPO作為重要的體溫調節中樞,表達溫度敏感的離子通道以及結節漏斗部激素、辣椒素等受體[13,53],可感受溫度變化信號,整合后調控其下游通路進而啟動體溫調節應答反應[54]。睡眠的起始與新陳代謝和體溫的降低一致。已有研究證明,基底前腦的溫度調節系統參與睡眠的內穩態調節,當環境溫度從27℃升至30℃時,大鼠的睡眠量隨之升高,30℃時睡眠量達到最大,這一現象是由視前區的溫敏神經元所介導[55],說明睡眠與溫度調節密切相關。

MnPO也與生物節律相關,參與食物預期性活動。在食物預期性活動中,MnPO區時鐘基因PER1大量表達[56]。在食物預期性活動期間,動物的自主活動、中心體溫和覺醒量增加[57-59]。

MnPO區能夠感受外周血管壓力變化,參與中樞神經介導的血管緊張素Ⅱ誘導的高血壓癥[60]。MnPO還參與阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征中的日間高血壓調節。抑制Mn PO區ΔFosB的轉錄活性,可使低氧血癥模型動物在暗期的動脈血壓降低[61]。以上提示,MnPO在生物節律調節及生命活動的維持上發揮重要作用。

結語MnPO在睡眠以及機體內穩態調節中發揮重要作用。MnPO區的GABA能神經元激活后,抑制覺醒相關核團,促進睡眠;而GABA能神經元受抑制后,使覺醒相關核團去抑制,促進覺醒。此外,MnPO區的谷氨酸能神經元可能對睡眠-覺醒也有重要的調節作用。但MnPO如何啟動和維持睡眠,其神經環路機制及神經遞質基礎還不明確。闡明MnPO在睡眠-覺醒中的調節作用,對認識睡眠-覺醒調節機制和開發鎮靜催眠藥等具有重要意義。

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Q 428;R 96

B

10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2015.06.016

2015-05-29;編輯:段佳)

國家重點基礎研究發展計劃(2011CB711000,2015CB856401);國家自然科學基金(31171010,31271164,31471064,81420108015)

△Corresponding author E-mail:quweimin@fudan.edu.cn

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