常英
考試與評價研究
高考英語中定語從句的考查要點簡析
常英
定語從句是歷年高考單選題的重點內容。本文主要歸納總結高考英語中對定語從句進行考查的五個大類并附高考真題,以厘清思路,從而引導教學。
高考;定語從句;關系代詞;考點
定語從句是歷年高考單選題的重點內容。在復合句中,修飾名詞和代詞的從句叫定語從句。從句在句中作定語,被修飾的名詞或者代詞被稱為先行詞,定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。引導定語從句的詞被稱為關系詞,關系詞有兩種:關系代詞和關系副詞,常見的關系代詞包括that,which,who(賓格為whom,所有格為whose)等,關系副詞包括where,when,why等。它們在先行詞和定語從句之間起引導作用,在意義上替代先行詞,在定語從句中充當句子成分。
定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句,限定性定語從句對先行詞起修飾限定作用,而非限定性定語從句對先行詞起補充說明作用,先行詞和定語從句往往有逗號隔開。以which為例:
①Among the many dangers____sailors have to face,probably the greatest of all is fog.【答案A】(2014江西卷,28)
A.which B.whatC.where D.when
which sailors have to face是限定性定語從句,修飾限定先行詞the many dangers,在意義上替代dangers,關系代詞which在定語從句中作賓語。
②I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week,____my classmates recommended to me.【答案B】(2014北京,26)
A.who B.whicC.when D.where
which my classmates recommended to me是非限定性定語從句,修飾限定先行詞the book Sherlock Holmes,在意義上替代the book,which對the book進行補充說明,關系代詞which在定語從句中作主語。
考點一:關系代詞引導的定語從句
在定語從句中,使用關系代詞時我們應該考慮兩點:先行詞是“人”還是“物”;關系代詞在定語從句中充當什么成分。如:
①Please send us all the information that you have about the candidate for the position.(2014陜西,13)(先行詞是all the information,關系代詞that在從句中作賓語)
②Finally he reached a lonely island which was completely cut off from the outside worl D.(2013山東,35)(先行詞是a lonely island,關系代詞which在定語從句中作主語)
③We’ll reach the sales targets in a month which we set at the beginning of the year.(2014重慶,9)(先行詞是the sales targets,關系代詞which在從句中作賓語)
④Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognizing their own strengths.(2013湖南,21)(先行詞是those,關系代詞who在從句中作主語)
⑤A company whose profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroa D.(2014山東,10)(先行詞是A company,關系代詞whose在從句中作定語)
考點二:關系副詞引導的定語從句
當關系詞在定語從句中作狀語時,要用關系副詞。其中when=表示時間的介詞(如in,at,on,during等)+which;where=表示地點的介詞(如in,at,on,under等)+which;why=表示原因的介詞for+which。
1.關系代詞與關系副詞的選用依據:
當先行詞是表示時間、地點、原因的名詞時,一定要分析從句的句子結構。如果從句中缺少時間、地點或原因狀語,則用關系副詞;如果缺少主語、賓語、表語或定語,則用關系代詞。如:
①This is the factory where she used to work.(work是不及物動詞,缺狀語)
②This is the factory that/which I visited last year.(visit是及物動詞,缺賓語)
③That evening,which I will tell you more about later,I ended up working very late.(2012全國卷II,8)(根據tell s B.about sth.)
④You should try the barber’s where I go.It’s only 15.(2010天津,8)(根據從句謂語go的搭配確定)
2.高考題中對于where的考查趨于復雜,從先行詞為明顯的“地點”轉為“地點的模糊化”。事實上,對于where這個詞,不能只理解為表地點。當先行詞為一些表示抽象地點的名詞,如:position,situation,point,case,stage等,如果引導詞在從句中作狀語,常用關系副詞where引導定語從句;如果不作狀語,則用關系代詞that/which。如:
①Sales director is a position where communication ability is just as importance as sales skills.(2012重慶卷,29)
②It’s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently.(2009福建,24)
③I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make decisions of my own.(2009浙江,14)
④The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication,especially at work where a good impression is a must.(2014江蘇,22)
⑤Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.(2014福建,31)
考點三:“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句
在定語從句中,當關系代詞作動詞短語或介詞的賓語時,為了使關系代詞與先行詞的關系更加密切,可以將定語從句中的介詞或動詞短語中的介詞放在關系代詞前面。注意以下幾個問題:
1.介詞的選擇:介詞的選擇通常依據定語從句中動詞短語的習慣搭配、介詞與先行詞的搭配或句子的意義來確定。如:
①Wind power is an ancient source of energy to which we may return in the near future.(2010山東,38)(根據return的搭配確定)
②Gun control is a subject about which Americans have argued for a long time.(2009陜西,11)(根據argue about sth的搭配確定)
③The factory in which his father works is far away from my hometown.(根據與先行詞的搭配確定)
④This is the pilot by whom my son was save D.(根據意義搭配確定)
2.關系代詞的選擇:介詞后作賓語的關系代詞一般來講有兩個:指人時只能用whom,指物時只能用which。當然關系代詞作定語時用whose。如:
①The train on which Tom travelled to Canada was very fast.
②He is the man from whose house the picture was stolen.
3.當需要使用表示時間、地點或原因的先行詞在從句中作狀語時,也可以使用“介詞+關系代詞”的結構。
①We can't find the house where(in which)we used to live.
②Do you still remember the day when(on which)we went to the beach?
4.在“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句中,基于意義上的需要,of whom(which)前可帶有some/any/few/many/
most/all/both等詞或形容詞最高級。
English is a language shared by several diverse cultures,each of which uses it differently.(2014天津,12)
考點四:as和which引導的定語從句
1.兩者都能引導非限制性定語從句,但用法有區別:
which引導的從句在意義上相當于一個并列句,可以用and this代替,意思是“這件事”;as引導的從句主要起連接上下文的作用,表達說話人的觀點、看法,并指出主句內容的根據或出處等。as引導的非限制性定語從句在句中的位置比較靈活,可以放在句首、句中和句末;而which引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句的后面。如:
①Until now,we have raised 50.000 pounds for the poor children,which is quite unexpecte D.(which =and this)(2014四川,4)
②As is known to all,China is a country with the largest population in the worl D.
2.as在從句中作主語時,后面常接行為動詞的被動語態,as is known,as is reported等。如果從句中的行為動詞是主動語態,一般用which作主語。如:
①The air quality in the city,as is shown in the report,has improved over the past two months.(2012福建卷,23)
②It is the third time that she has won the race,which has surprised us all.(2012陜西卷,14)
3.as常用在as(it)seems likely,as(it)often happens,as I remember(it),as(it)appears等結構中。如:
①“You can’t judge a book by its cover,”as the old saying goes.(2013新課標Ⅰ,33)
②There is no simple answer,as is often the case in science.(2013山東,31)
4.as用在the same...as,such...as,as...as,so...as結構中,可以作主語、賓語或表語,可以用來代替先行詞是表示人或物的名詞。如:
①They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.(as作主語)
②These houses are sold at such a low price as people expecte D.
(as作賓語)
考點五:定語從句的主謂一致
1.關系代詞作從句的主語時,從句中謂語動詞的人稱和數要與先行詞保持一致,先行詞是句子時,從句的謂語動詞用單數形式。如:
①The mobile phone that was given to me was made in China.
②I,who am your friend,will share happiness and sorrow with you.
2.“one of+復數名詞”位于關系代詞前作先行詞時,從句的動詞通常用復數,但當one前有the only,the very等修飾時,從句的謂語動詞要用單數。如:
He is one of the students who have made great progress.
He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.(2002上海春,26)
作者單位:陜西省西安市第一中學