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兩種鼻腔沖洗方法在功能性鼻竇內鏡手術后的效果比較

2015-03-13 00:24:39李國賢郭永康齊佳
中國醫藥導報 2015年6期
關鍵詞:效果手術

李國賢 郭永康 齊佳

杭州市蕭山區第一人民醫院耳鼻喉科,浙江杭州311200

兩種鼻腔沖洗方法在功能性鼻竇內鏡手術后的效果比較

李國賢 郭永康 齊佳

杭州市蕭山區第一人民醫院耳鼻喉科,浙江杭州311200

目的觀察并比較兩種鼻腔沖洗方法在功能性鼻竇內鏡手術后的應用效果。方法選擇2012年4月~2014年4月于杭州市蕭山區第一人民醫院耳鼻喉科行鼻竇內鏡下手術治療的慢性鼻竇炎患者132例,所有患者均給予鼻內鏡下Messerklinger術。采用隨機數字表法將其分為對照組和觀察組,每組各66例。術后給予兩組不同的沖洗液,對照組為0.9%氯化鈉溶液。觀察組為0.9%氯化鈉溶液200 mL混合慶大霉素16萬U+α-糜蛋白酶8000 U+地塞米松10 mg。所有患者均隨訪超過3個月,觀察比較兩組患者的治療效果。結果觀察組治愈41例,治愈率為62.12%,對照組治愈29例,治愈率為43.94%,觀察組治愈率明顯高于對照組,差異有統計學意義(χ2= 24.842,P<0.05)。觀察組總有效率為95.45%,對照組總有效率為89.39%,觀察組治療總有效率明顯高于對照組,差異有統計學意義(χ2=12.782,P<0.05)。結論功能性鼻竇內鏡手術治療慢性鼻竇炎后給予鼻腔沖洗能有效控制并發癥的發生,安全性高,患者易于耐受且操作簡便。慶大霉素、α-糜蛋白酶和地塞米松的氯化鈉溶液沖洗效果優于單純氯化鈉溶液沖洗,值得臨床推廣。

鼻腔沖洗;功能性鼻竇內鏡手術;慢性鼻竇炎;慶大霉素;地塞米松

臨床上慢性鼻竇炎的主要表現是鼻塞、流膿涕以及頭痛等,程度較重時可累及鼻眶和鼻顱,甚至可威脅到患者生命安全。病因學檢測結果表明需氧菌是導致該疾病發生的重要病原菌,且以條件致病菌如表皮葡萄球菌等占據了大多數。目前針對慢性鼻竇炎的治療中,鼻內鏡手術是首選的治療手段,但從臨床上的觀察結果看來,手術治療對發生在鼻竇黏膜上的炎性反應控制效果不理想。而這種炎性反應能否徹底清除在很大程度上影響了手術的效果,清除不徹底則很容易導致癥狀的反復和遷延。為減少術后復發率,獲得滿意的治療效果,常用的方法包括藥物治療、行鼻腔沖洗等。筆者在功能性鼻竇內鏡手術后的采用了兩種不同沖洗方法,并將效果進行比較,現將相關情況報道如下:

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選擇2012年4月~2014年4月于杭州市蕭山區第一人民醫院耳鼻喉科(以下簡稱“我院”)行鼻竇內鏡下手術治療的慢性鼻竇炎患者132例,所有患者術前均行CT檢查明確診斷。分型標準:Ⅰ型,單純型慢性鼻竇炎(保守治療無效);Ⅱ型,慢性鼻竇炎伴鼻息肉;Ⅲ型,多發性鼻竇炎或全組鼻竇炎伴多發性、復發性鼻息肉和(或)篩竇骨質增生。采用隨機數字表法將所選患者隨機分為對照組和觀察組。觀察組66例,其中男41例,女25例;年齡21~68歲,平均(39.4± 10.9)歲;Ⅰ型32例,Ⅱ型26例,Ⅲ型8例。對照組66例,其中男48例,女18例;年齡19~70歲,平均(35.8± 11.6)歲;Ⅰ型35例,Ⅱ型25例,Ⅲ型6例。兩組患者的性別比例、平均年齡以及分型分期等資料比較差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。

1.2 方法

所有患者均給予鼻內鏡下Messerklinger術式,術后膨脹海綿填塞止血,常規給予預防感染治療。鼻腔填塞物取出后第2天開始行鼻腔沖洗。沖洗時囑患者張口平均呼吸,沖洗液由一側鼻孔進入,對鼻腔和鼻咽部進行沖洗,由另一側鼻孔流出,雙側鼻孔按順序進行沖洗,行沖洗前大約30 min予復方薄荷液(上海坤弘醫療,批號:140105)進行滴鼻。對照組沖洗液為0.9%氯化鈉溶液。觀察組沖洗液為0.9%氯化鈉溶液200 mL混合16萬U慶大霉素(容生制藥有限公司,批號:140218)+α-糜蛋白酶8000 U(華潤雙鶴藥業股份有限公司,批號:140221)+10 mg地塞米松(金耀藥業有限公司,批號:140125)。兩組患者術后1周內均沖洗2次/d,1周后改為1次/d,沖洗2個月,隨訪時間3~12個月,患者門診復診隨訪。

1.3 療效指標

參考1997年海口會議中關于鼻內鏡手術的相關評估標準:治愈:患者自覺癥狀完全消失,復查見竇口開放情況較好,竇腔中未查見膿性分泌物,黏膜上皮化程度好;好轉:患者自覺癥狀明顯改善,復查見竇腔內可有較少量的膿性分泌物,竇腔黏膜中部分區域仍存在水腫或肉芽組織等情況;無效:患者自覺癥狀無明顯改善,復查見竇口發生明顯狹窄甚至閉塞,竇腔內大量膿性分泌物,明顯息肉。總有效率=(治愈例數+有效例數)/總例數×100%。

1.4 統計學方法

采用SPSS 18.0統計學軟件進行數據分析,計量資料數據用均數±標準差(±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗;計數資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。

2 結果

隨訪結果顯示,觀察組治愈率明顯高于對照組,差異有統計學意義(χ2=24.842,P<0.05)。觀察組中的治療總有效率明顯高于對照組,差異有統計學意義(χ2=12.782,P<0.05)。見表1。

3 討論

近些年來功能性鼻竇內鏡手術在我國基層醫院開展日益廣泛,尤其在治療慢性鼻竇炎和鼻息肉等方面,與傳統術式比較,鼻內鏡術式有更為明顯的優勢,不但能達到傳統術式的治療效果,同時手術過程中術野更加清晰、對患者造成的創傷更小[1-4]。功能性鼻竇內鏡術式的主要目的在于盡可能減小對鼻腔正常結構的破壞,最大可能保留鼻腔的正常功能[5-7],以此為前提下通過手術改變原有的引流和通氣情況[8-11]。但在本術式開展初期,并發癥的發生率較高,一項美國的統計結果顯示發生率為7%~25%[12],隨著技術和設備的逐步改進,并發癥的發生情況有了明顯改善,目前的臨床統計結果為5%~6%[13-18]。由于術中手術器械對黏膜造成的不可避免的損傷,術后出現纖維素性滲出并形成大量的血癡[19-22]。術后為止血而采用鼻腔填充的方法亦會使得局部黏膜因血供不足而發生糜爛或腫脹,若不及時進行清理則可能引起術腔發生粘連、竇口被封閉甚至鼻竇炎的復發等[23-25]。過去只能在并發癥發生后再次利用鼻內鏡對術腔進行清理[26-28],且控制效果并不理想。后來逐漸采用鼻腔沖洗的方法來預防并發癥的發生[29-32],并取得了較為理想的效果。目前的研究認為鼻腔沖洗的機制主要包括以下幾個方面:①增強了術腔黏膜表面纖毛的功能[33-35];②明顯減輕黏膜的水腫程度[36-39];③物理的清潔作用[40-41]。

行鼻腔沖洗是一種安全性較高、操作極為簡單、副作用極少的方法[42-44],常見的不良反應主要是患者自覺鼻腔內沖洗后出現燒灼感、癢感等[15,45-46],以及沖洗過程中沖洗液自鼻竇中流出時的不適感等[8]。目前對沖洗液的選擇在臨床上尚未達成共識,其中應用較多的是0.9%氯化鈉溶液,因為這種濃度的沖洗液比較適合鼻黏膜的生理情況,沖洗過程中幾乎對鼻黏膜不會造成任何刺激[46],故本資料中對照組亦采用了該種沖洗液。觀察組在氯化鈉溶液中加入了慶大霉素、α-糜蛋白酶以及地塞米松,因為單純的氯化鈉溶液并不具有消炎消腫的作用,對于術后術腔發生水腫的情況并不能很好地緩解,這樣術后出現囊泡、肉芽組織以及術腔粘連等并發癥的風險較大。慶大霉素是臨床應用較多的一類氨基糖苷類廣譜抗生素,該藥物對于銅綠假單胞菌、金黃色葡萄球菌等導致慢性鼻竇炎發生的相對常見的病原菌的敏感性較強[46]。α-糜蛋白酶的作用則主要是對膿性分泌物進行稀釋,避免竇口發生堵塞而引流不暢。地塞米松一方面能有效緩解術后術腔黏膜的水腫程度,另一方面對息肉的生長亦有明顯的抑制作用。從本研究的隨訪結果可以看出,觀察組中治愈41例,治愈率為62.12%,對照組中治愈29例,治愈率為43.94%,觀察組治愈率明顯高于對照組(χ2=24.842,P<0.05)。觀察組總有效率為95.45%,對照組總有效率為89.39%,觀察組治療總有效率明顯高于對照組(χ2=12.782,P<0.05)。

綜上所述,功能性鼻竇內鏡手術治療慢性鼻竇炎后給予鼻腔沖洗能有效控制并發癥的發生,安全性高,患者易于耐受且操作簡便。慶大霉素、α-糜蛋白酶和地塞米松的氯化鈉溶液沖洗效果優于單純氯化鈉溶液沖洗效果,值得臨床推廣。

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Effects comparison of two methods of nasal irrigation after functional endoscopic sinus surgery

LI GuoxianGUO YongkangQI JiaDepartment of E.N.T.,the First People’s Hospital of Xiaoshan District in Hangzhou City,Zhejiang Province,Hangzhou 311200,China

Objective To compare the effects of two methods of nasal douche applied after functional endoscopic sinus surgery.Methods 132 cases of patients with chronic nasosinusitis had functional endoscopic sinus surgery in E.N.T. Department of the First People’s Hospital of Xiaoshan District in Hangzhou City from April 2012 to April 2014 were selected,all the patients were given Messerklinger surgery under endoscopic sinus,and they were divided into two groups by random number table,control group and observation group,with 66 cases in each groups.Patients in the two groups were given different postoperative rinses,patients of the control group were given 0.9%sodium chloride solution,while patients in the observation group were given 0.9%sodium chloride solution combined with 160 000 U gentamicin,8000 U α-chymotrypsin and 10 mg dexamethasone.All the patients were followed up more than 3 months,and the therapeutic effects of two groups were observed and compared.Results 41 cases in observation group were healed,cure rate was 62.12%,and 29 cases in control group were healed,cure rate was 43.94%,the cure rate in observation group was higher than that in the control group,the difference was statistically significant(χ2=24.842,P<0.05).The total effective rate in the observation group was 95.45%,while 89.39%in the control group,and the total effective rate in the observation group was higher than that in the control group,the difference was statistically significant(χ2=12.782,P<0.05).Conclusion It is effective to control complication by giving nasal douche after functional endoscopic sinus surgery,safe,tolerant and easy.The effect of sodium chloride solution combined with gentamicin,α-chymotrypsin and dexamethasone is better than that of sodium chloride solution alone.It is worthy of clinical promotion.

Nasal douche;Functional endoscopic sinus surgery;Chronic nasosinusitis;Gentamicin;Dexamethasone

R765.4

A

1673-7210(2015)02(c)-0048-04

2014-10-09本文編輯:任念)

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