馬瑞松,李元紅,江洪,胡笑容,李雪飛(武漢大學人民醫院,武漢430060;恩施土家族苗族自治州中心醫院)
IL-33對大鼠I/R損傷心肌炎癥反應和細胞自噬的影響
馬瑞松1,李元紅2,江洪1,胡笑容1,李雪飛1
(1武漢大學人民醫院,武漢430060;2恩施土家族苗族自治州中心醫院)
摘要:目的探討IL-33對心肌缺血再灌注(I/R)損傷心肌的保護作用及機制。方法將32只大鼠隨機分為假手術組(n=10)、模型組(n=10)、IL-33組(n=6)及IL-33特異性受體(ST2)抑制劑組(anti-ST2組,n=6)。除假手術組外,其余各組采用結扎冠狀動脈左前降支法建立I/R心肌損傷模型。假手術組僅麻醉、開胸、穿線,但不結扎。IL-33制模前30 min尾靜脈注射IL-33 10 μg,anti-ST2組注射anti-ST2 0.2 mL(1mg/mL)。再灌注4 h后取血清或心肌組織檢測各組以下指標:①血清乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)水平:采用分光光度法檢測;②心肌組織Th1型炎癥因子(TNF-α、INF-γ、IL-6)和Th2型炎癥因子(IL-4、IL-5、IL-13)水平:采用ELISA法檢測;③心肌組織自噬蛋白LC3和beclin-1相對表達量:采用Western blot法檢測。結果①LDH、CK水平:模型組均明顯高于假手術組,IL-33組均明顯低于模型組,P均<0.05; anti-ST2組較模型組無統計學差異。②心肌組織炎癥因子表達: Th1型炎癥因子模型組及IL-33組均明顯高于假手術組,IL-33組明顯低于模型組,P均<0.05; anti-ST2組與模型組比較無統計學差異。Th2型炎癥因子模型組明顯低于假手術組,IL-33組明顯高于模型組,anti-ST2組與模型組比較無統計學差異;③心肌組織自噬蛋白LC3和beclin-1相對表達量:模型組明顯高于、IL-33組明顯低于假手術組; IL-33組明顯低于模型組(P均<0.05) ; anti-ST2組與模型組比較無統計學差異。IL-33與anti-ST2組各觀察指標均有統計學差異(P均<0.05)。結論IL-33可通過抑制細胞過度自噬,減弱Th1型炎癥反應,促進Th2型炎癥反應而減輕心肌I/R損傷。
關鍵詞:心肌;缺血再灌注損傷;白介素33;細胞自噬;炎癥因子
研究證實,炎癥反應和細胞自噬在心肌缺血再灌注(I/R)損傷發生發展過程中發揮重要作用[1~4]。IL-33是一種IL-1家族細胞因子,存在于細胞核內,可調控細胞增殖和轉錄。當細胞凋亡和壞死時IL-33被釋放到細胞外,但凋亡細胞中活化的Caspase-3會將IL-33剪切為無生物活性的片段,而完整的IL-33與其特異性受體ST2結合可發揮細胞因子的作用。近期研究證實,IL-33可誘導幼稚型T細胞向Th2細胞分化,加強Th2型炎癥反應,減弱Th1型炎癥反應;可參與調節細胞自噬[5,6]。但IL-33是否可通過調節炎癥反應和細胞自噬影響心肌I/R損傷尚無相關報道。為此,我們于2014年10月~2015年1月進行了如下研究。
1.1動物分組與處理SPF級成年雄性SD大鼠32只,體質量200~250 g,購于武漢大學動物實驗中心。隨機分為假手術組(假手術組,n=10)、缺血再灌注組(模型組n=10)、白介素33組(n=6)、ST2抑制劑(anti-ST2)組(anti-ST2組,n=6)。除假手術組外,其余各組均建立心肌I/R損傷模型: 2%戊巴比妥鈉(40 mg/kg)腹腔注射麻醉,仰臥位固定,氣管插管,連接動物呼吸機(呼吸頻率70次/min,吸呼比1︰1.5,潮氣量3~4 mL/100 g)。動物心電圖機記錄Ⅱ導心電圖。于胸骨左緣開胸暴露心室前壁,剪開心包膜;于左心耳與肺動脈圓錐間用小圓針帶5-0線穿過左前降支(LAD)下緣,將前降支與一個中間帶凹槽的空心乳膠管一起結扎。以心尖部心肌變蒼白、心電圖Ⅱ導聯明顯上抬表明缺血成功。缺血30 min,再灌注4 h。假手術組僅麻醉、開胸、穿線但不結扎。IL-33組及anti-ST2組分別于制模前(麻醉后)尾靜脈注射IL-33 10 μg、anti-ST2 0.2 mL(1 mg/mL)。
1.2檢測項目及方法
1.2.1血清乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶(CK)水平采用分光光度法。再灌4 h后各組經頸靜脈取血2 mL,3 000 r/min離心15 min,分離血清,-80℃冰箱保存,選用南京建成生物工程研究所試劑盒,按照試劑盒說明書規范操作檢測血清LDH和CK。
1.2.2心肌組織Th1、Th2型炎癥反應因子表達再灌4 h后,取各組結扎線水平以下的心肌,剪除右心室,錫紙包被后-80℃冰箱凍存。制備心肌組織勻漿,選用南京建成生物工程研究所試劑盒,采用ELISA法按照試劑盒說明書規范操作,檢測心肌組織中Th1型炎癥反應因子(TNF-α、INF-γ和IL-6)和型炎癥反應Th2因子(IL-4、IL-5和IL-13)。結果(pg/mL)用標準曲線法算出。
1.2.3心肌組織自噬蛋白LC3、beclin-1表達采用Western blot法檢測。取材方法同1.2.2,檢測方法參照文獻[9],根據分子質量配制12%PAGE膠,電泳后轉膜,用5%的脫脂奶粉封閉,4℃孵育一抗過夜,用LC3、beclin-1對應的HRP標記的二抗孵育后,ECL顯色。以β-actin為內參計算上述蛋白的相對表達量。
1.3統計學方法采用SPSS21.0統計軟件。數據以珋x±s表示。組間比較采用t檢驗,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,多組間兩兩比較采用Tukey檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2.1血清LDH和CK各組血清LDH和CK水平見表1。由表1可見,與假手術組比較,模型組血清LDH和CK明顯升高(P均<0.05) ; IL-33組血清CK明顯增高(P<0.05),LDH差異無統計學意義。與模型組比,IL-33組血清LDH和CK明顯降低(P均<0.05),anti-ST2組血清LDH和CK有增高趨勢,但差異無統計學意義。
2.2心肌組織Th1、Th2型炎癥因子表達各組鼠心肌組織Th1型炎癥因子TNF-α、INF-γ、IL-6和Th2型炎癥因子IL-4、IL-5和IL-13見表2。由表2可見,與假手術組比較,模型組和IL-33組心肌組織TNF-α、INF-γ、IL-6水平明顯升高(P均<0.05) ;與模型組比較,IL-33組心肌組織上述三種炎癥因子水平明顯降低(P均<0.05),anti-ST2組心肌組織上述三種炎癥因子表達有增高趨勢,但差異無統計學意義。與假手術組比較,模型組心肌組織IL-4、IL-5 和IL-13水平均降低(P均<0.05) ;與模型組比較,IL-33組心肌組織IL-4、IL-5和IL-13水平均升高(P均<0.05),anti-ST2組心肌組織IL-4、IL-5和IL-13水平與模型組比較差異無統計學意義。
表1 各組血清LDH和CK水平比較(±s)
注:與假手術組比較,*P<0.05;與模型組比較,#P<0.05;與IL-33組比較,ΔP<0.05。
組別 n LDH(U/L) CK(U/L)假手術組10 857.988±91.148 1 587.000±179.836模型組 10 1 738.856±88.600* 4 194.760±206.029*IL-33組 6 991.716±11.655# 2 704.333±297.295* #anti-ST2組 6 1 809.073±48.105Δ 4 387.657±200.291Δ
表2 各組心肌組織Th1、Th2型炎癥因子水平比較(pg/mL,±s)
注:與假手術組比較,*P<0.05;與模型組比較,#P<0.05;與IL-33組比較,ΔP<0.05。
組別 n Th1 Th2型炎癥因子IL-4 IL-5 IL-13假手術組 10 110.107±5.290 276.269±9.502 72.455±7.930 945.370±59.134 723.139±88.099 965.473±27型炎癥因子TNF-α INF-γIL-6 3.834模型組 10 188.820±8.145* 438.230±8.343* 162.119±10.110* 247.720±37.803* 201.609±17.225*165.449±12.407*IL-33組 6 134.636±5.934# 328.496±9.549# 94.527±5.913# 476.320±26.295* #387.003±17.718* #312.966±53.514* #anti-ST2組 6 205.430±5.585Δ 453.681±8.851Δ 167.921±11.461Δ 315.277±31.615Δ 252.973±17.306Δ 179.636±27.056Δ
2.3心肌組織自噬蛋白LC3、beclin-1表達各組心肌組織自噬蛋白LC3、beclin-1水平見表3。由表3可見,與假手術組比較,模型組心肌組織中LC3和beclin-1水平明顯升高(P均<0.05),IL-33組心肌組織中LC3和beclin-1水平明顯降低(P均<0.05)。與模型組比較,IL-33組心肌組織中LC3、beclin-1水平明顯降低(P均<0.05),anti-ST2組心肌組織中LC3、beclin-1水平與模型組比較差異無統計學意義。
表3 各組心肌組織自噬蛋白LC3、beclin-1表達比較(相對表達量,±s)
注:與假手術組比較,*P<0.05;與模型組比較,#P<0.05;與IL-33組比較,ΔP<0.05。
組別 n LC3/β-actin beclin-1/β-actin假手術組10 0.319±0.071 0.287±0.043模型組 10 0.409±0.075* 0.424±0.063*IL-33組 6 0.178±0.048* # 0.160±0.021* #anti-ST2組 6 0.545±0.096*Δ 0.496±0.071*Δ
研究證實,IL-33可誘導幼稚T細胞分化為Th2型細胞,并可作為Th2細胞的趨化因子促進Th2細胞聚集;還可直接作用于Th2細胞,促進Th2型炎癥因子的分泌[7~9]。Li等[5]報道,IL-33可通過抑制Th1型炎癥反應(降低INF-γ)、誘導Th2型炎癥反應(升高IL-4、IL-5和IL-13)抑制肝臟I/R。Yin等[10]研究發現,IL-33可通過誘導Th2型炎癥反應明顯延長小鼠心臟移植后心臟的存活時間。本研究結果顯示,在心臟I/R過程中,IL-33可通過抑制Th1炎癥反應(降低TNF-α、INF-γ和IL-6),誘導Th2炎癥反應(升高IL-4、IL-5和IL-13)達到降低血清LDH和CK水平、保護心肌的目的。這與前期的研究一致。近期有文獻報道,IL-33可促進Th1型免疫反應;亦可影響CD+8型抗病毒T細胞的發育[11]。但本研究中未發現IL-33可升高Th1相關炎癥因子水平,提示IL-33可能僅在抗腫瘤和抗慢性病毒性疾病時激活Th1型免疫反應[11],而在心肌I/R中不能激活Th1型免疫反應。
近期大量的研究表明,細胞自噬在心肌I/R中起著非常重要的作用[6,12,13]。心肌I/R導致的ATP耗竭、氧化應激、內質網應激和蛋白降解均可導致心肌細胞自噬。但自噬對心肌I/R的利與弊取決于具體環境,適度激活自噬對心肌細胞有保護作用,但過度激活自噬會造成細胞死亡[12]。目前普遍認為,在缺血階段適度激活自噬可處理受損蛋白質,是一種細胞自我保護;在再灌注階段自噬過度激活可加重心肌I/R損傷[12,13]。Matsui等[14,15]的研究表明,心肌I/R階段自噬過度激活,表現為beclin-1表達升高,Bcl-2表達顯著下調,可導致細胞死亡。本研究模型組心肌組織LC3、beclin-1水平明顯高于假手術組,提示I/R損傷可導致心肌細胞過度自噬; IL-33組心肌組織LC3、beclin-1水平明顯低于模型組,提示IL-33可通過抑制I/R引起的心肌細胞過度自噬,保護心肌。ST2為IL-33特異性受體,anti-ST2可特異性阻斷內源性IL-33的作用。本研究結果顯示,anti-ST2組和模型組大鼠血清及心肌組織各指標差異均無統計學意義,這可能是內源性IL-33含量低所致。心肌中IL-33由血管內皮細胞及心肌成纖維細胞分泌,含量極低;同時在心肌I/R過程中心肌細胞損傷以凋亡為主,而完整的IL-33在細胞凋亡時,會被活化的Caspase-3剪切為無活性的片段,進一步降低IL-33水平,而極低的IL-33表達水平,不足以表現出心肌保護作用。
關于IL-33的具體作用機制,目前認為可能與Bcl-2和活性氧(ROS)有關。研究證實,饑餓刺激時,Bcl-2可調節beclin-1介導的細胞自噬[16],ROS也參與調節beclin-1的表達,且抗氧化劑可以明顯減少beclin-1的表達[17]。此外,ROS還可通過抑制自噬相關基因4(Atg4)的活性,促進LC3脂質化和激發自噬[18]。IL-33可促進Bcl-2表達[19],減少ROS生成[20],而二者進一步調節再灌注階段LC3、beclin-1的表達。beclin-1是心肌缺血后再灌注階段調節自噬最重要的蛋白[14,15]。再灌注階段beclin-1高表達可過度激活自噬,造成細胞損傷;而通過siRNA轉染抑制beclin-1的表達可抑制過度自噬保護心肌[21,22]。故我們推測IL-33可通過調控Bcl-2 和ROS的表達調節LC3和beclin-1表達,抑制過度自噬,保護I/R心肌。但其具體機制仍需進一步研究證實。
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Effect of interleukin 33 on inflammation response and autophagy in rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury
MA Rui-song1,LI Yuan-hong,JIANG Hong,HU Xiao-rong,LI Xue-fei
(1 Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University,Wuhan 430060,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the protective effect of interleukin 33 (IL-33) on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and the mechanism.Methods Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: the control group (n=10),I/R group (model group,n=10),IL-33 group (n=6) and anti-ST2 group (n=6).In addition to the control group,the left anterior descending coronary artery ligation method was adopted to establish the myocardial I/R injury model in the other groups (the sham operation group only received anesthesia,open-chest and threading,but not ligation).Rats in the IL-33+ I/R group and anti-ST2+ I/R group were separately injected to the caudal vein with 10 μg IL-33 and 0.2 mL anti-ST2 (1 mg/mL) 30 min before modeling.After reperfusion for 4 h,we obtained the serum or myocardial tissues to detect the following indicators of each group: (1) the serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) level: using spectrophotometry,(2) Th1 inflammation factors in the myocardial tissues (TNF-α,INF-γ and IL-6) and Th2 inflammatory cytokines (IL-4,IL-5 and IL-3) : using the ELISA,(3) the relative expression of autophagy protein LC3 and beclin 1 in the myocardial tissues: using Western blotting.Results(1) LDH and CK level: the model group was significantly higher than the control group,IL-33 group was significantly lower than the model group (P<0.05),and no statistical difference was found between the anti-ST2 group and the model group.(2) the inflammation factor expression in thebook=2,ebook=464myocardial tissues: Th1 type inflammation factor expression: the model group and IL-33 group were significantly higher than the control group,IL-33 was significantly lower than the model group (all P<0.05),and no difference was found between the anti-ST2 group and the model group.Th2 type inflammation factor expression: the model group was significantly lower than the control group,IL-33 group was significantly higher than the model group,and no statistical difference was found between the anti-ST2 group and the model group.(3) The relative expression of autophagy protein LC3 and beclin-1 in the myocardial tissues: the model group was significantly higher,IL-33 group was significantly lower than the control group,IL-33 was significantly lower than the model group (all P<0.05),no significant difference was found between the anti-ST2 group and the model group.Statistically significant differences were found in all indexes between the IL-33 and anti-ST2 group.Conclusion IL-33 may attenuate myocardial I/R injury by inhibiting the excessive autophagy,weakening Th1 inflammatory response and enhancing Th2 inflammatory response.
Key words:Myocardium; ischemia-reperfusion injury; interleukin 33; autophagy; inflammatory factor
(收稿日期:2015-03-11)
通信作者簡介:李元紅(1956-)男,博士,主任醫師,教授,研究方向為心電生理和冠心病。E-mail: lyholol@ vip.163.com
作者簡介:第一馬瑞松(1988-),碩士在讀,研究方向為冠心病。E-mail: maruisong@ outlook.com
基金項目:國家自然科學基金資助項目(81370308)。
文章編號:1002-266X(2015)22-0001-04
文獻標志碼:A
中圖分類號:R543.1
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2015.22.001