Detection and Evaluation on Levels of Heavy Metals in Brazilian Mushroom（Agaricus blazei）in Funan,Anhui Province*

HE Yan-xin,LI Neng-shu,WANG Cai-yun,PENG Ling-fang(．Jianghuai College of Anhui University,Hefei 30039,China;．The Life School of Anhui University,Hefei 3060,China)

Detection and Evaluation on Levels of Heavy Metals in Brazilian Mushroom（Agaricus blazei）in Funan,Anhui Province*

HE Yan-xin1,LI Neng-shu2**,WANG Cai-yun2,PENG Ling-fang2
(1．Jianghuai College of Anhui University,Hefei 230039,China;2．The Life School of Anhui University,Hefei 230601,China)

To evaluate the safety of Brazilian mushroom（Agaricus blazei）,the contents of mercury,arsenic,cadmium,chromium of Brazilian mushroom caps and stipes were determined in Funan County,Anhui．The results showed that the heavy metal contents were mercury 0．019 mg·kg-1,arsenic 0．414 mg·kg-1,cadmium 0．022 mg·kg-1,chromium 1．246 mg·kg-1in caps,and the content of mercury was 0．043 mg·kg-1,arsenic was 0．402 mg·kg-1,cadmium was 0．226 mg·kg-1,chrome was 1．501 mg·kg-1in stipes．Compared with those of the national standards,the contents of mercury,arsenic,cadmium in the caps and the inner stipes were not exceeded those,and the chromium for single factor pollution index was 1．001 in stipes．The mercury,arsenic, cadmium contamination level in caps and stipes were considered to be a non-pollution,and chromium contamination in stipe was minimal in Brazilian mushroom by single factor pollution index of heavy metal pollution,

Brazilian mushroom;heavy metal;quality;safety

Brazilian mushroom（Agaricus blazei） is known as a valuable food and medicine used along with fungi．It belongs to Basidiomycotina,Hymenomycetes,Agaricales,Agaricaceae,Agaricus[1]in taxonomy．The mushroom is not only delicious but also nutritious,rich in minerals,trace elements and vitamins and other substances[2]．In addition to a high nutritional value,but also has high medicinal value,is known as the“meal in need”．Several studies have shown:Brazilian mushroom as a medicinal mushroom fungus,for antitumor,especially for ascites carcinoma has a unique effect[3]．Anticancer activity of the cells from the Brazilian mushroomextract can promote immune cell proliferation,activation of human lymphocytes,and produce a lot of stimulating factor,destroy telomerase activity,so the decline of cell division,can improve the body as a whole cancer-fighting ability,inhibit cancer cell production.Brazilian mushroom has some effect on improving immune,antiaging and prolonging life[4].Brazilian mushroom also prevent to chronic hepatitis,stomatitis,nephritis,toxic colitis,ulcers and other digestive diseases.According to the report,Brazilian mushroom contains ergosterol in the sunlight,wich can be converted into vitamin D,can effectively prevent and treat rickets due to lack of human-induced vitamin D.Brazilian mushroom contains also inoleic acid,linolenic acid and unsaturated fatty acids.It is as“the United States Creatine”by experts. Because of containing dietary fiber,Brazilian mushroom can prevent modern“diseases of civilization.”It could improve the body’s resistance to disease,and has been called“miracle mushroom”or“the last food on earth.[5-7]”in Japanese.

After heavy metals into the body by eating mushroom,at the end of the food chain for people who harm even worse.Usually,heavy metals poisoning collective organ damage is lifelong,irreversible.So heavy metals in the human body has a rich effect,it is difficult to completely remove or natural discharge.

Mercury,arsenic,cadmium,chromium and other heavy metals and their compounds are the main pollution to Brazilian mushroom.Direct ingestion of mercury sank in human liver,brain,nerve.Arsenic is a highly toxic,causing rapid death.Long-term contact with a small amount of arsenic,it can cause chronic poisoning, in addition to arsenic is also carcinogenic.Cadmium can cause high blood pressure,causing heart attack and cerebrovascular diseases,bone and liver and kidney damage,and can lead to renal failure.The chrome may cause numbness,mental disorders.

Usually heavy metal analysis is atomic absorption spectrometry.This instrument analysis method was built in twentieth Century 50’s.It was mainly used for qualitative analysis of inorganic elements of complementary atomic emission spectrometry,and then has become the quantitative elemental analysis of inorganic compounds in the primary means.Its analysis way is:put the sample into solution;prepare a series of calibration solution of known concentration analysis of elements;the corresponding values are measured in turn blank and standard samples;the corresponding values based on the above calibration curve is plotted;unknown sample based on the calibration curve and the concentration corresponding values of the sample.

In recent years,the researchers found that Brazilian mushrooms would be very strong on medium Cd enrichment capacity,and the content reached 13.00 mg· kg-1－23.00 mg·kg-1,while contents of Pb,As,Hg were normal[12].There are a few reports about heavy metal content and the security situation on the Brazilian mushroom.Brazilian mushroom produced from Funan County,Anhui has been used to detect and assess content of Hg,As,Cd,Cr as heavy metals pollution.The results will provide the basis for quality and safety evaluation of the Brazilian mushroom in Funan County and for a reference to further research heavy metal pollution enrichment,transfer rule.

1 Materials and Methods

1.1 Material

Brazilian mushroom was provided by Funan County Health Products Co.Ltd..

1.2 Reagents

Thiourea (GR);ascorbic acid (GR);hydrochloric acid；nitric acid,perchloric acid are excellent pure, distilled water experiment.Reagent preparation:mixed acid (nitric acid∶perchloric acid=3∶2);reducing agents(5%thiourea∶5%ascorbic acid=1∶1);5%hydrochloric acid.

1.3 Instrument

SOLAAR-M6 atomic absorption spectrophotometer; FS-95 graphite furnace(with autosampler,America Thermo Electron Corporation);AFS-3100 dual channel atomic fluorescence spectrometer (Beijing Branch Sea Light Instrument Co.);ovens,muffle furnace,centrifuge, etc.

1.4 Methods

1.4.1 Sample ashing

The Brazilian mushroom caps and stipes were separated into a Petri dish,oven dried.And put them in the porcelain crucible and ashed at 500℃ for 12h in a muffle furnace to remove organic matter.After ashing the end,the caps and stipes were poured into a mortar and ground,another 80-mesh sieve and stored in a jar standby.

1．4．2 Sample digestion

Hg,Cd,Cr sample digestion:0．3 g respectively, cap and stipe sample taken after ashing in 100 mL beaker,add 25 mL good preparation mixed acid,stir with a glass rod．The configured solution was placed on a heating furnace,the color of the solution changed until the beaker being pale yellow．Then the solution was poured into a beaker centrifuge tube,placed in distilled water after trim centrifuge (500 r·min-1)5 min centrifugation,the supernatant with distilled water to volume 50 mL,As with 5%hydrochloric acid diluted to 50 mL,stored in the flask in the back．With reference to the above steps to set the Hg,Cd,Cr,As of control blank．

1．4．3 Determination of heavy metals

Hg and As were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry,and Cd and Cr were determined by atomic fluorescence spectrometry．Each sample was done three repeat settings,the mean value of the measured value of the sample measured after deducting the blank value．Measurement was carried out at Experimental Center of Anhui University．

1．4．4 Evaluation of heavy metals pollution

According to the National Health Standard of Limit of Heavy Metals in Edible Fungi(GB7096-2003),the single factor pollution index (Pi)and pollution degree of Brazilian mushroom fruit body were calculated．The method of single factor pollution index Pi=Ci/Si．Ci for I type value of pollutants and Si as the evaluation standard．The grading standards is shown in Table 1．

Tab.1 Grading standards in the National Health Standard of Limit of Heavy Metals in Edible Fungi

2 Results and Analysis

2.1 Heavy metals contents of Brazilian mushroom fruit bodies

The contents of Hg,As,Cd,Cr in Brazilian mushroom fruit bodies were listed in Table 2．According to the National Health Standard of Limit of Heavy Metals in Edible Fungi(GB 7096-2003),the dried mushrooms contain Hg(≤0．200 mg·kg-1),As(≤1．000 mg·kg-1), Cd(≤1．000 mg·kg-1),Cr(≤1．500 mg·kg-1)．Four heavy metals testing results of Brazilian mushroom fruit bodies are shown in Table 2．Hg,As,Cd,Cr levels of the caps were lower than the national standard,in a safe range．Hg,As,Cd levels of stipes were lower than the national standard,but also within the safe range,while the Cr content was more than the national standard 0．001 mg·kg-1value．

Tab.2 Heavy metals contents of Brazilian mushroom fruit bodies in Funan County,Anhui province

2.2 Evaluation ofHeavyMetalsPollution in Brazilian mushroom

According to the National Health Standard of Limit of Heavy Metals in Edible Fungi(GB7096-2003),the single factor pollution index (Pi)and pollution degree of Brazilian mushroom fruit bodys are shown in Table 3 and Table 4 respectively．

Tab.3 Single factor pollution index and evaluation of heavy metals in caps of Brazilian mushroom

Tab.4 Single factor pollution index and evaluation of heavy metals in stipes of Brazilian mushroom

Through the evaluation of heavy metals contents on different Brazilian mushroom fruit body of the method of single factor pollution index results in Table 3 and table 4．From table 3 and table 4 shows the pollution levels of Hg,As,Cd,Cr,Hg,As in the cap,and Cd in stipe are non pollution．Cr pollution index Pi in the stipe reached 1．001,the pollution level is the light pollution．In general,the pollution index Pi of Cd in the cap is thelowest of 0.022,indicating that Cd pollution is relatively low,the enrichment ability is weak,and the pollution index Pi of Cr(0.831)was the highest,which has strongest enrichment ability.In the stipe Hg pollution index Pi is the lowest,0.215,indicating that Hg pollution is relatively low,the enrichment ability is weak;Cr pollution index of Pi was 1.001,in the light pollution, enrichment capability is not strong,negligible.

3 Discussion

Contents of Hg,As,Cd of Brazilian mushroom from Funan County Health Products Edible Fungus Co.Ltd., were low,only Cr content was slightly higher in stipes and its contamination level even in slightly polluted (negligible).The results indicate Brazilian mushroom has a bit of Cr enrichment capability,and is the focus of the Brazilian mushroom quality and safety control. Four kinds of heavy metals detection rate reached 100%,which may be related to heavy metal ions with a certain enrichment or biological conversion characteristics of the Brazilian mushroom.The enrichment of heavy metal chromium is far stronger than Hg,As,Cd mechanism remains in Brazilian mushroom,which need to be further analyzed.

Factors of environmental conditions,substrate materials,cultivation techniques,processing link could affect the content of heavy metals in Brazilian mushroom. Many scholars have found that heavy metal contamination of growing media will significantly strengthen the role of heavy metal enrichment mushroom.Mushroom cultivation matrix is mainly composed of wood chips, cottonseed hulls,straw and wheat bran,corn flour and some animal waste plant material composition.In order to find the matrix metal ions whether mushroom could tolerance,some scholars designed of a matrix of different concentrations of certain heavy metal ions,found the mushroom has a critical role for its enrichment at low concentrations,and concentration index at high concentrations[8-11].Xu Lihong et al.[12]obtained critical content values:Cd of 0.085 mg·kg-1,Pb of 54.5 mg·kg-1,As of 0.74 mg·kg-1,Hg of 0.0056 mg·kg-1by studying the various harmful heavy metal concentrations.They also found that Cd enrichment capacity increased 16.21% which the culture medium was at high-bay shelves than open field furrow bed cultivation.Therefore,by choosing the appropriate environmental conditions,the Brazilian mushroom origin,cultivation matrix formulation,cultivation and processing techniques could reduce the heavy metal content of the Brazilian mushroom.On the other hand,adjusting the medium pH,may also be beneficial effect on metal ion competition and control heavy metal content.

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安徽阜南巴西菇重金屬含量的檢測和評價

何炎炘1，李能樹2，王彩云2，彭玲芳2
（1．安徽大學(xué)江淮學(xué)院，安徽 合肥 230039；2．安徽大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院，安徽 合肥 230601）

為摸清安徽阜南縣生產(chǎn)巴西菇（Agaricus blazei）的食用安全性，對其菌蓋和菌柄樣品中汞、砷、鎘、鉻的含量進行了檢測。發(fā)現(xiàn)菌蓋重金屬含量分別為汞0．019 mg·kg-1、砷0．414 mg·kg-1、鎘0．022 mg·kg-1、鉻1．246 mg·kg-1；菌柄重金屬含量分別為汞0．043 mg·kg-1、砷0．402 mg·kg-1、鎘0．226 mg·kg-1、鉻1．501 mg·kg-1。與國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比對結(jié)果表明：菌蓋和菌柄內(nèi)汞、砷、鎘含量沒有超標(biāo)，而菌柄中鉻的單因素污染指數(shù)為1．001。通過單因子污染指數(shù)法對巴西菇的重金屬污染狀況進行評價，確認(rèn)樣品菌蓋、菌柄中汞、砷、鎘的污染等級屬非污染，菌柄中鉻污染為輕微污染。

巴西菇；重金屬；含量；安全

S646.9

A

1003-8310（2015）06-0067-04

10．13629/j．cnki．53-1054．2015．06．017

*Foundation item:Anhui Province Innovative Training Program (AH201310357174)．

Biography:HE Yan-xin(1985-),master,Assistant,mainly engaged in laboratory testing and management．E-mail:181563733@qq．com

**Corresponding author:LI Neng-shu(1956-),senior experimental division,engaged in edible mycology research．E-mail:Shnl209@163．com

Receive date:2015-09-30