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頸椎減壓術后C5神經根麻痹

2015-04-15 15:47:30李俊寬,黃穩定,嚴望軍
脊柱外科雜志 2015年3期

·綜述·

頸椎減壓術后C5神經根麻痹

李俊寬,黃穩定,嚴望軍

作者單位:125000遼寧,海軍92493部隊醫院門診部(李俊寬);上海,解放軍第411醫院骨科(黃穩定);第二軍醫大學長征醫院骨科(嚴望軍)

通信作者:嚴望軍spinetumor@163.com

【關鍵詞】頸椎; 減壓術,外科; 神經根病; 綜述文獻

作者簡介:李俊寬(1971—),本科,副主任醫師

【中圖分類號】R 681.531【文獻標志碼】 A

DOI【】

收稿日期:(2014-11-28)

C5神經根麻痹是頸椎術后較為常見的嚴重并發癥,嚴重影響患者生活質量。其發生機制復雜,已成為脊柱外科領域關注的一項重要課題。目前該并發癥的特點及如何預防等方面取得了一定的成果[1-2]。本文對近年C5神經根麻痹流行病學、病因學及如何預防該并發癥的發生等進行了文獻回顧、分析。現綜述如下。

1C5神經根麻痹臨床特點及發生率

頸前路及頸后路減壓術后均會導致C5神經根麻痹,通常發生于術后24 h~2個月,大部分患者于術后1周內出現癥狀,以單側癥狀最為常見。患者主要表現為三角肌和/或肱二頭肌麻痹、肌力減退,可同時伴有C5神經支配區感覺障礙和/或頑固性疼痛[1-2]。

術后C5神經根麻痹的發生率與手術方式、疾病類型有關。不同術式的發生率不同,頸前路減壓術后C5神經根麻痹的發生率為0%~26.4%[1,3-6],平均為7.7%[1]。Liu等[7]報道多節段頸前路椎間盤切除融合術后的發生率為3.8%,混合式減壓(椎體次全切除并椎間盤切除植骨融合術)術后的發生率為8.3%,雙節段椎體次全切術后的發生率為26.4%。Odate等[8]報道前路混合式減壓術后其發生率為 3.0%。

頸后路減壓術后C5神經根麻痹的發生率為 0%~50.0%[9-14],平均為 7.8%[1]。其中頸椎椎板切除術后C5神經根麻痹的發生率為2.4%~40.0%[1,14-15],椎板成形術后發生率為0%~50.0%[1,13]。Komagata等[11]報道單開門椎板擴大成形術后其發生率為4.0%。Katsumi等[12]報道單開門椎板成形術同時行預防性C4/C5椎間孔切開術后其發生率為 1.4%。Park等[13]報道單開門椎板成形術后其發生率為8.9%,雙開門術后其發生率為0%。頸椎前后聯合入路術后C5神經根麻痹的研究報道較少。Nassr等[2]報道該術式減壓后其發生率為8.4%。

疾病類型也與術后C5神經根麻痹的發生率有關[1]。Kim等[3]對頸椎退變性疾病前路減壓后C5神經根麻痹的發生率進行了對比,在神經根型頸椎病、脊髓型頸椎病、混合型頸椎病及頸椎后縱韌帶骨化(ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament, OPLL)中其發生率分別為0、3.9%、16.7%、9.0%。Chen等[16]報道椎板切除融合術治療OPLL術后C5神經根麻痹的發生率為18.0%。

2C5神經根麻痹病因學及發生機制

迄今為止仍然沒有明確頸椎術后C5神經根麻痹的發生機制,目前認為是多種因素作用的結果,主要存在5種可能因素[1-2,5]:①頸椎椎管減壓后脊髓漂移牽拉神經根;②節段性脊髓功能障礙;③術中神經根損傷;④根動脈血供減少引起脊髓缺血;⑤脊髓缺血再灌注損傷。

2.1脊髓漂移引起的神經根栓系效應

頸椎減壓術后脊髓向后漂移所導致的神經根栓系繼發C5神經根麻痹是目前公認的假設理論。其解剖學基礎是[3,17-20]:①C5是頸椎生理曲度的頂點,也是減壓區的中心點,減壓后C5神經根漂移的距離更大;②C5神經根及其分支較其他神經根短;③其他肌肉為雙重神經支配,而三角肌僅有1支神經根支配,更易受神經根功能障礙的影響;④C4,5關節突增生退變或頸椎序列改變引起C4,5椎間孔狹窄。

Xia等[9]發現寬開門組C5神經根麻痹的發生率為 5.3%,窄開門組的發生率則為 0%,其認為窄開門可以減少脊髓漂移的空間,降低C5神經根麻痹的發生率。Zhang等[17]通過術前及術后 CT 影像對脊髓漂移的程度進行了評估,椎板擴大成形術后出現C5神經根麻痹的患者脊髓向后漂移平均增加了4.11 mm,而沒有 C5神經根麻痹的患者脊髓向后漂移平均增加了2.79 mm,兩者差異有統計學意義。Radcliff等[21]認為椎板切除的寬度和脊髓漂移的程度是頸椎術后C5神經根麻痹的危險因素。Shiozaki等[22]通過MRI對椎板成形術后的脊髓狀態進行了評估,與術后2周相比,術后24 h脊髓向后漂移程度明顯增加。Bydon等[23]研究發現C5神經根麻痹組脊髓漂移程度及C4,5椎間孔狹窄程度均較非麻痹組大。Katsumi等[24]對椎板成形術后C5神經根麻痹和非麻痹患者的影像資料進行了分析,發現麻痹組椎間孔平均直徑為1.99 mm,非麻痹組平均為2.76 mm,兩者差異有統計學意義。Imagama等[25]發現C5神經根麻痹患者C4,5椎間孔明顯狹窄、C5上關節突更大、C4,5脊髓漂移更加明顯。

頸椎減壓術后脊髓漂移引起的神經根栓系效應這一理論雖然被廣泛接受,但仍然無法合理解釋頸前路術后C5神經根麻痹[26],因而該假說還存在一定的局限性。

2.2脊髓病變導致功能障礙

研究[3-4,27-28]報道頸椎術后MRI T2像上出現脊髓高信號或高信號區域的異常擴大,提示術后C5神經根麻痹與脊髓灰質病變存在一定的相關性[3-4,27-28]。Chiba等[27]認為C5神經根麻痹與MRI T2像脊髓中央灰質的高信號區有關,所有患者均出現上述影像學改變。Seichi等[28]對椎板成形術后MRI T2像脊髓高信號區域改變現象進行了分析,發現上肢遠端和彌散性麻痹與T2高信號區域擴大有關,認為可能是脊髓功能障礙或病變所致。

然而,并不是所有具有該影像特點的患者都會出現C5神經根麻痹。Chen等[16]對OPLL術前及術后脊髓狀態進行了研究,發現術前MRI T2像C4,5水平脊髓高信號的患者術后并不都出現C5神經根麻痹,而術后頸髓MRI T2像高信號也不是引起C5神經根麻痹的因素。Katsumi等[24]認為術前MRI T2像脊髓高信號改變與術后C5神經根麻痹并無明顯相關性。脊髓高信號區域通常位于脊髓中央,而C5神經根麻痹往往是單側表現。因此,節段性脊髓功能改變也不能合理解釋C5神經根麻痹的發生機制。

2.3術中神經根直接損傷

理論上講,術中神經根直接損傷能夠解釋術中或術后即刻發生的C5神經根麻痹。Uematsu等[29]發現術后即刻發生C5神經根麻痹的患者多見于單開門椎板成形術開門一側,提示可能是術中直接損傷神經根所致。Fan等[30]報道術中電生理監測發現醫源性神經根損傷引起C5神經根麻痹,同期行C4,5椎間孔減壓治療后恢復。

雖然術中神經根直接損傷被視為C5神經根麻痹的危險因素,但是并不是所有C5神經根麻痹的患者均在術后即刻發生,大多數發生于術后1 d至數周[1-2],因此該發生機制也很難給出合理的解釋。

2.4脊髓缺血及再灌注損傷

脊髓缺血及再灌注損傷是脊柱外科近年來的研究熱點,越來越多的學者用該假說解釋C5神經麻痹的發生機制。脊髓再灌注損傷可導致脊髓神經元細胞功能短暫或永久喪失。Hasegawa等[31]認為脊髓長期受壓可導致局部脊髓神經元受損,這些神經元在減壓后更易受到局部血運異常的影響,并繼發缺血再灌注損傷。Chiba等[27]認為脊髓白質和灰質血運存在差異,灰質區細胞、神經連接及血運更加豐富,這種差異會導致皮質脊髓束和脊髓灰質前角細胞更容易繼發缺血再灌注損傷。這也進一步解釋了一些患者僅表現為C5支配區運動功能障礙而無感覺障礙這一臨床現象(感覺運動分離)。

3危險因素

C5神經根麻痹的危險因素與其病因、發生機制密切相關。研究表明,C5神經根麻痹的危險因素主要包括:術前椎間孔狹窄[32]、術前C4,5水平脊髓高信號[28]、OPLL[16]、椎板成形并融合術[20,26]、減壓范圍過大[9,21]、不對稱減壓及高齡等[5,27]。 Gu等[32]回顧分析文獻,認為術前存在椎間孔狹窄、OPLL、脊髓過度漂移、后路椎板切除及男性患者是頸椎術后C5神經根麻痹的危險因素。Seichi等[28]認為術前C3,4和/或C4,5水平脊髓高信號是C5神經根麻痹的危險因素。Radcliff等[21]發現頸后路椎板切除的寬度及脊髓漂移的程度與C5神經根麻痹的發生率呈正相關,因此認為二者是頸椎術后C5神經根麻痹的危險因素。Yamanaka等[20]發現椎板成形術同期行融合術后C5神經根麻痹的發生率高于非融合組,因此也認為椎板成形術并內固定是術后C5神經根麻痹的危險因素。Bydon等[5]研究發現,頸前路椎體次全切的節段越多,術后C5神經根麻痹的發生率越高,而且高齡也是危險因素之一。

4防治措施及預后

4.1評估方法

應用神經電生理監測早期發現C5神經根麻痹能夠避免術后神經功能損傷。目前已有多種術中神經監測方法應用于臨床,如軀體感覺誘發電位(somatosensory-evoked potentials,SEPs)、經顱電刺激運動誘發電位(transcranial electrical motor-evoked potentials,tceMEPs)和自發肌電圖(spontaneous electromyography,spEMG)。SEPs是脊髓后索神經誘發的神經沖動,直接評估脊髓感覺神經纖維。tceMEPs是反映運動神經纖維誘發的神經沖動,用于評估運動神經纖維。spEMG則常用于監測某一特定神經根的牽拉傷或微損傷。研究認為,SEPs雖然特異性較高,但敏感性較低,tceMEPs的敏感性和特異性均較高,而spEMG對于明確特定的神經根的損傷較為敏感;因此tceMEPs和spEMG在臨床上更為常用[30,33]。

影像學評估也有助于預防C5神經根麻痹。Lubelski等[34]認為C5神經根麻痹與脊柱的特殊結構有關,通過 MRI 及 CT 掃描分析 C4,5椎管正中矢狀徑、左右椎間孔徑以及脊髓-椎板角3種解剖參數能夠預測術后C5神經根麻痹,有助于術者采取相應的干預措施。

4.2手術治療

手術治療方法主要包括椎間孔減壓、硬脊膜切開。由于硬脊膜切開后并發癥較多,且臨床上支持該方法的資料少,因此不被臨床醫師廣泛接受。

預防性椎間孔減壓是防治術后 C5神經根麻痹的重要方法[1,11-12,30,35]。Fan等[30]進行的前瞻性隊列研究,對術中電生理監測發現神經異常放電現象的患者進行C4,5椎間孔擴大減壓,術后C5神經根麻痹癥狀消失。Komagata等[11]研究發現雙側椎間孔切開術的患者C5神經根麻痹的發生率明顯低于未切開手術者(0.6%vs. 4.0%)。Katsumi等[12]通過前瞻性研究發現,頸后路單開門椎板成形術同時行C4,5椎間孔減壓的患者術后C5神經根麻痹的發生率為1.4%,而未行椎間孔減壓的患者術后C5神經根麻痹的發生率為6.4%,提示預防性C4,5椎間孔減壓可降低C5神經根麻痹的發生率。

根據C5神經根麻痹的危險因素調整手術方案也是避免其發生的有效方法。Odate等[26]認為減壓寬度過大及不對稱減壓是術后C5神經根麻痹的危險因素,其建議在前路手術時將開槽寬度限制在15 mm以內、避免不對稱減壓。Xia等[9]研究發現,當開槽位置在側塊內側緣時,C5神經根麻痹的發生率為 5.3%,而當開槽位置在椎板外1/3時,其發生率則為 0%,因此其建議椎板成形術時采用窄開門的方法。

4.3非手術治療

術前擺體位時使患者頸椎處于中立位、避免頸椎過伸或過屈、雙上肢避免過度向下牽拉等可以預防C5神經根麻痹。Chen等[16]認為采用高壓氧結合理療的方式是有益的,所有患者在1年內均完全康復。Hasegawa等[31]提出應用自由基清除劑和/或地西泮預防缺血再灌注損傷,從而防止C5神經根麻痹的發生。Takenaka等[36]認為在開槽時使用冰鹽水有助于降低術后C5神經根麻痹的發生。其他治療方式包括應用非甾體類抗炎藥物、糖皮質激素以及頸托保護等。

4.4預后

C5神經根麻痹的總體預后比較好,通常恢復期為4~5個月,絕大多數患者在術后 2 年內恢復,但肌力<2級的患者可能恢復較為困難[1-5]。Hashimoto等[4]對17例頸椎術后C5神經根麻痹的患者進行了隨訪,發現肌力>3級者(7例)隨訪期內完全恢復,而肌力在<2級者(10例)恢復較差,甚至不能恢復(2例)。

5總結

頸椎術后C5神經根麻痹是脊柱外科醫師處理頸椎疾患時所面臨的一個難題。雖然C5神經根麻痹的發生是多因素的,但是減壓術后硬膜囊向后漂移對神經根的牽拉是目前最流行的假設理論。應用神經電生理監測有助于早期發現和避免C5神經根麻痹,手術技術的進步有助于外科醫師避免該類并發癥的發生。在對頸椎退變性疾病進行手術時,除了術前的充分評估及術中監測之外,脊柱外科醫師必須在有效減壓和可能帶來的并發癥之間尋找到一個平衡點,這樣才能有效防止術后發生C5神經根麻痹。

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[7] Liu Y, Qi M, Chen H, et al.Comparative analysis of complications of different reconstructive techniques following anterior decompression for multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy[J].Eur Spine J, 2012, 21(12):2428-2435.

[8] Odate S, Shikata J, Kimura H, et al. Hybrid Decompression and Fixation Technique Versus Plated Three-Vertebra Corpectomy for Four-Segment Cervical Myelopathy:Analysis of 81 Cases With a Minimum 2-Year Follow-Up[J].J Spinal Disord Tech, 2013 [Epub ahead of print].

[9] Xia Y, Xia Y, Shen Q, et al.Influence of hinge position on the effectiveness of expansive open-door laminoplasty for cervical spondylotic myelopathy[J].J Spinal Disord Tech, 2011, 24(8):514-520. JZ, Baird EO, Fields AC, et al. C5 nerve root palsy following decompression of the cervical spine:a systematic evaluation of the literature[J].Bone Joint J, 2014, 96-B(7):950-955.

[2] Nassr A, Eck JC, Ponnappan RK, et al.The incidence of C5 palsy after multilevel cervical decompression procedures:a review of 750 consecutive cases[J].Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2012, 37(3):174-178.

[3] Kim S, Lee SH, Kim ES, et al.Clinical and radiographic analysis of c5 palsy after anterior cervical decompression and fusion for cervical degenerative disease[J].J Spinal Disord Tech, 2014, 27(8):436-441.

[4] Hashimoto M, Mochizuki M, Aiba A, et al. C5 palsy following anterior decompression and spinal fusion for cervical degenerative diseases[J].Eur Spine J, 2010, 19(10):1702-1710.

[5] Bydon M, Macki M, Kaloostian P, et al.Incidence and prognostic factors of c5 palsy:a clinical study of 1001 cases and review of the literature[J].Neurosurgery, 2014, 74(6):595-604.

[6] Eskander MS, Balsis SM, Balinger C, et al.The association between preoperative spinal cord rotation and postoperative C5 nerve palsy[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2012, 94(17):1605-1609.

[7] Liu Y, Qi M, Chen H, et al.Comparative analysis of complications of different reconstructive techniques following anterior decompression for multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy[J].Eur Spine J, 2012, 21(12):2428-2435.

[8] Odate S, Shikata J, Kimura H, et al. Hybrid Decompression and Fixation Technique Versus Plated Three-Vertebra Corpectomy for Four-Segment Cervical Myelopathy:Analysis of 81 Cases With a Minimum 2-Year Follow-Up[J].J Spinal Disord Tech, 2013 [Epub ahead of print].

[9] Xia Y, Xia Y, Shen Q, et al.Influence of hinge position on the effectiveness of expansive open-door laminoplasty for cervical spondylotic myelopathy[J].J Spinal Disord Tech, 2011, 24(8):514-520.

[10]Liu K, Shi J, Jia L, et al. Surgical technique:Hemilaminectomy and unilateral lateral mass fixation for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2013, 471(7):2219-2224.

[11]Komagata M, Nishiyama M, Endo K, et al. Prophylaxis of C5 palsy after cervical expansive laminoplasty by bilateral partial foraminotomy[J].Spine J, 2004, 4(6):650-655.

[12]Katsumi K, Yamazaki A, Watanabe K, et al. Can prophylactic bilateral C4/C5 foraminotomy prevent postoperative C5 palsy after open-door laminoplasty?:a prospective study[J].Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2012, 37(9):748-754.

[13]Park JH, Roh SW, Rhim SC, et al. Long-term outcomes of 2 cervical laminoplasty methods:midline splitting versus unilateral single door[J].J Spinal Disord Tech, 2012, 25(8):E224-229.

[14]Chen Y, Chen DY, Wang XW, et al. Single-stage combined decompression for patients with tandem ossification in the cervical and thoracic spine[J].Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2012, 132(9):1219-1226.

[15]Zhao X, Xue Y, Pan F, et al. Extensive laminectomy for the treatment of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine[J].Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2012, 132(2):203-209.

[16]Chen Y, Chen D, Wang X, et al. C5 palsy after laminectomy and posterior cervical fixation for ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament[J].J Spinal Disord Tech, 2007, 20(7):533-535.

[17]Zhang H, Lu S, Sun T, et al. Effect of Lamina Open Angles in Expansion Open-door Laminoplasty on the Clinical Results in Treating Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy[J].J Spinal Disord Tech, 2015, 28(3):89-94.

[18]Currier BL. Neurological complications of cervical spine surgery:C5 palsy and intraoperative monitoring[J].Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2012, 37(5):E328-334.

[19]Wu FL, Sun Y, Pan SF, et al.Risk factors associated with upper extremity palsy after expansive open-door laminoplasty for cervical myelopathy[J].Spine J, 2014, 14(6):909-915.

[20]Yamanaka K, Tachibana T, Moriyama T, et al. C-5 palsy after cervical laminoplasty with instrumented posterior fusion[J].J Neurosurg Spine, 2014, 20(1):1-4.

[21]Radcliff KE, Limthongkul W, Kepler CK, et al.Cervical laminectomy width and spinal cord drift are risk factors for postoperative C5 palsy[J].J Spinal Disord Tech, 2014, 27(2):86-92.

[22]Shiozaki T, Otsuka H, Nakata Y, et al.Spinal cord shift on magnetic resonance imaging at 24 hours after cervical laminoplasty[J].Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2009, 34(3):274-279.

[23]Bydon M, Macki M, Aygun N, et al.Development of postoperative C5 palsy is associated with wider posterior decompressions:an analysis of 41 patients[J].Spine J, 2014, 14(12):2861-2867.

[24]Katsumi K, Yamazaki A, Watanabe K, et al. Analysis of C5 palsy after cervical open-door laminoplasty:relationship between C5 palsy and foraminal stenosis[J].J Spinal Disord Tech, 2013, 26(4):177-182.

[25]Imagama S, Matsuyama Y, Yukawa Y, et al. C5 palsy after cervical laminoplasty:a multicentre study[J].J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2010, 92(3):393-400.

[26]Odate S, Shikata J, Yamamura S, et al.Extremely wide and asymmetric anterior decompression causes postoperative C5 palsy:an analysis of 32 patients with postoperative C5 palsy after anterior cervical decompression and fusion[J].Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2013, 38(25):2184-2189.

[27]Chiba K, Toyama Y, Matsumoto M, et al. Segmental motor paralysis after expansive open-door laminoplasty[J].Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2002, 27(19):2108-2115.

[28]Seichi A, Takeshita K, Kawaguchi H, et al. Postoperative expansion of intramedullary high-intensity areas on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging after cervical laminoplasty[J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2004, 29(13):1478-1482.

[29]Uematsu Y, Tokuhashi Y, Matsuzaki H. Radiculopathy after laminoplasty of the cervical spine[J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 1998, 23(19):2057-2062.

[30]Fan D, Schwartz DM, Vaccaro AR, et al. Intraoperative neurophysiologic detection of iatrogenic C5 nerve root injury during laminectomy for cervical compression myelopathy[J].Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2002, 27(22):2499-2502.

[31]Hasegawa K, Homma T, Chiba Y. Upper extremity palsy following cervical decompression surgery results from a transient spinal cord lesion[J].Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2007, 32(6):E197-202.

[32]Gu Y, Cao P, Gao R, et al. Incidence and risk factors of C5 palsy following posterior cervical decompression:a systematic review[J].PLoS One, 2014, 9(8):e101933.

[33]Nakamae T, Tanaka N, Nakanishi K, et al. Investigation of segmental motor paralysis after cervical laminoplasty using intraoperative spinal cord monitoring with transcranial electric motor-evoked potentials[J].J Spinal Disord Tech, 2012, 25(2):92-98.

[34]Lubelski D, Derakhshan A, Nowacki AS, et al. Predicting C5 palsy via the use of preoperative anatomic measurements[J]. Spine J, 2014, 14(9):1895-1901.

[35]Ohashi M, Yamazaki A, Watanabe K, et al. Two-year clinical and radiological outcomes of open-door cervical laminoplasty with prophylactic bilateral C4-C5 foraminotomy in a prospective study[J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2014, 39(9):721-727.

[36]Takenaka S, Hosono N, Mukai Y, et al.The use of cooled saline during bone drilling to reduce the incidence of upper-limb palsy after cervical laminoplasty:clinical article[J].J Neurosurg Spine, 2013, 19(4):420-427. K, Shi J, Jia L, et al. Surgical technique:Hemilaminectomy and unilateral lateral mass fixation for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2013, 471(7):2219-2224.

[11]Komagata M, Nishiyama M, Endo K, et al. Prophylaxis of C5 palsy after cervical expansive laminoplasty by bilateral partial foraminotomy[J].Spine J, 2004, 4(6):650-655.

[12]Katsumi K, Yamazaki A, Watanabe K, et al. Can prophylactic bilateral C4/C5 foraminotomy prevent postoperative C5 palsy after open-door laminoplasty?:a prospective study[J].Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2012, 37(9):748-754.

[13]Park JH, Roh SW, Rhim SC, et al. Long-term outcomes of 2 cervical laminoplasty methods:midline splitting versus unilateral single door[J].J Spinal Disord Tech, 2012, 25(8):E224-229.

[14]Chen Y, Chen DY, Wang XW, et al. Single-stage combined decompression for patients with tandem ossification in the cervical and thoracic spine[J].Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2012, 132(9):1219-1226.

[15]Zhao X, Xue Y, Pan F, et al. Extensive laminectomy for the treatment of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine[J].Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2012, 132(2):203-209.

[16]Chen Y, Chen D, Wang X, et al. C5 palsy after laminectomy and posterior cervical fixation for ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament[J].J Spinal Disord Tech, 2007, 20(7):533-535.

[17]Zhang H, Lu S, Sun T, et al. Effect of Lamina Open Angles in Expansion Open-door Laminoplasty on the Clinical Results in Treating Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy[J].J Spinal Disord Tech, 2015, 28(3):89-94.

[18]Currier BL. Neurological complications of cervical spine surgery:C5 palsy and intraoperative monitoring[J].Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2012, 37(5):E328-334.

[19]Wu FL, Sun Y, Pan SF, et al.Risk factors associated with upper extremity palsy after expansive open-door laminoplasty for cervical myelopathy[J].Spine J, 2014, 14(6):909-915.

[20]Yamanaka K, Tachibana T, Moriyama T, et al. C-5 palsy after cervical laminoplasty with instrumented posterior fusion[J].J Neurosurg Spine, 2014, 20(1):1-4.

[21]Radcliff KE, Limthongkul W, Kepler CK, et al.Cervical laminectomy width and spinal cord drift are risk factors for postoperative C5 palsy[J].J Spinal Disord Tech, 2014, 27(2):86-92.

[22]Shiozaki T, Otsuka H, Nakata Y, et al.Spinal cord shift on magnetic resonance imaging at 24 hours after cervical laminoplasty[J].Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2009, 34(3):274-279.

[23]Bydon M, Macki M, Aygun N, et al.Development of postoperative C5 palsy is associated with wider posterior decompressions:an analysis of 41 patients[J].Spine J, 2014, 14(12):2861-2867.

[24]Katsumi K, Yamazaki A, Watanabe K, et al. Analysis of C5 palsy after cervical open-door laminoplasty:relationship between C5 palsy and foraminal stenosis[J].J Spinal Disord Tech, 2013, 26(4):177-182.

[25]Imagama S, Matsuyama Y, Yukawa Y, et al. C5 palsy after cervical laminoplasty:a multicentre study[J].J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2010, 92(3):393-400.

[26]Odate S, Shikata J, Yamamura S, et al.Extremely wide and asymmetric anterior decompression causes postoperative C5 palsy:an analysis of 32 patients with postoperative C5 palsy after anterior cervical decompression and fusion[J].Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2013, 38(25):2184-2189.

[27]Chiba K, Toyama Y, Matsumoto M, et al. Segmental motor paralysis after expansive open-door laminoplasty[J].Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2002, 27(19):2108-2115.

[28]Seichi A, Takeshita K, Kawaguchi H, et al. Postoperative expansion of intramedullary high-intensity areas on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging after cervical laminoplasty[J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2004, 29(13):1478-1482.

[29]Uematsu Y, Tokuhashi Y, Matsuzaki H. Radiculopathy after laminoplasty of the cervical spine[J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 1998, 23(19):2057-2062.

[30]Fan D, Schwartz DM, Vaccaro AR, et al. Intraoperative neurophysiologic detection of iatrogenic C5 nerve root injury during laminectomy for cervical compression myelopathy[J].Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2002, 27(22):2499-2502.

[31]Hasegawa K, Homma T, Chiba Y. Upper extremity palsy following cervical decompression surgery results from a transient spinal cord lesion[J].Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2007, 32(6):E197-202.

[32]Gu Y, Cao P, Gao R, et al. Incidence and risk factors of C5 palsy following posterior cervical decompression:a systematic review[J].PLoS One, 2014, 9(8):e101933.

[33]Nakamae T, Tanaka N, Nakanishi K, et al. Investigation of segmental motor paralysis after cervical laminoplasty using intraoperative spinal cord monitoring with transcranial electric motor-evoked potentials[J].J Spinal Disord Tech, 2012, 25(2):92-98.

[34]Lubelski D, Derakhshan A, Nowacki AS, et al. Predicting C5 palsy via the use of preoperative anatomic measurements[J]. Spine J, 2014, 14(9):1895-1901.

[35]Ohashi M, Yamazaki A, Watanabe K, et al. Two-year clinical and radiological outcomes of open-door cervical laminoplasty with prophylactic bilateral C4-C5 foraminotomy in a prospective study[J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2014, 39(9):721-727.

[36]Takenaka S, Hosono N, Mukai Y, et al.The use of cooled saline during bone drilling to reduce the incidence of upper-limb palsy after cervical laminoplasty:clinical article[J].J Neurosurg Spine, 2013, 19(4):420-427.

(本文編輯張建芬)

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