
你愛自拍,愛曬美圖,平時看自己哪哪兒都順眼,所以常常被周圍的人調侃為“太自戀”。其實,在自戀流行的今天,你并不孤單,有一個頗為龐大的自戀群體與你為伴。這個群體就是出生于1980~2000年之間的千禧一代。他們被某些人稱為最自戀的一代,由此還引發了多位心理學家的論戰。不管爭論結果如何,自戀不等于自私,自我關注不等于不關心他人。所以,如果你愿意拍就拍吧,何必管別人怎么說!
A few months ago, the news went viral that the American Psychiatric Association had classified “taking selfies” as a sign of a mental disorder. It lit up Facebook and Twitter until it was revealed that the article was a hoax1).
But still, I doubt I’m the only one that has felt a tiny sense of self-loathing2) after posting a photo of myself on Facebook. Deep down, taking a “selfie” doesn’t just feel like capturing a moment—it also feels like capturing myself at my most vain.
In his pop-psychology book The Narcissist Next Door: Understanding the Monster in Your Family, in Your Office, in Your Bed—in Your World, author and Time editor at large3) Jeffrey Kluger argues that the popularity of the “selfie” is just one way that our culture is becoming more narcissistic. In fact, he says, narcissistic behaviors today aren’t just more accepted; they’re celebrated. “We’ve become accustomed to preeners and posers who don’t have anything to offer except themselves and their need to be on the public stage,” he says. The egocentric antics of figures like Donald Trump4) or Kim Kardashian5), for example, make our own narcissistic proclivities6) seem more palatable7) by comparison, and social media only instigates the desire for attention. Facebook, to a narcissist, can be like an open bar to a drunk.
But Kluger also devotes a chunk of his book to what’s become a tired argument: The idea that Millennials8)—the generation that came of age with selfies and Facebook—are the most self-absorbed generation of all. “Plenty of people are narcissistic in our society,” Kluger says, “but Millennials are doing these things on a pandemic9) level.”
Of course they are. They’re young and full of themselves, like every other generation that’s come before them was at some point. But are Millennials any more narcissistic than, say, the Baby Boomers, who were once considered the most self-obsessed cohort10) of their time? Consider the 1976 cover story of New York Magazine, in which Tom Wolfe11) declared the ’70s “The Me Decade.” One could argue that every generation seems a little more narcissistic than the last, puffing12) out its chest and going out into the world with an overabundance of self-confidence, swagger13), even a bit of arrogance. These traits are simply hallmarks of early adulthood—it’s often the first time people are putting themselves out there, applying for first jobs and meeting potential life partners. Overconfidence is how people muscle through the big changes.
Whether it’s Time’s 2013 cover story “The Me, Me, Me Generation” or Kluger’s book, the same statistics are cited as proof of Millennial narcissism. In a 2008 study published in the Journal of Personality, San Diego State University psychology professor Jean Twenge found that narcissistic behaviors among college students studied over a 27-year period had increased significantly from the 1970s. A second study published in 2008 by the National Institutes of Health showed that 9.4 percent of 20- to 29-year-olds exhibit extreme narcissism, compared with 3.2 percent of those older than 65.
But there’s a problem with all of this evidence: The data is unreliable. “It’s incredibly unfair to call Millennials narcissistic, or to say they’re more so than previous generations,” says Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, a professor of psychology at Clark University. Arnett has devoted a significant amount of time and research to disproving the statistics that San Diego State’s Twenge has built a career on. He says that her assertion that narcissistic behaviors among young people have risen 30 percent is flimsy14), since she’s basing it around data collected from the 40-question Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), the results of which leave quite a bit up for interpretation. For example, does agreement with statements like “I am assertive” or “I wish I were more assertive” measure narcissism, self-esteem, or leadership?
Culturally, narcissism has become a catchphrase of sorts for traits people deem unpleasant or unlikable in a person, similar to how people will say they have obsessive-compulsive disorder just because they’re fastidious15) or detail-oriented, rather than because they meet the actual clinical diagnosis. If you love to talk about yourself, but you also show empathy for others, you’re not a narcissist. If you’re extremely confident at work but you’re good at accepting criticism, you’re probably not a narcissist either.
Other studies have directly contradicted the idea that Millennials are the most narcissistic of previous generations. In a large survey of high-school seniors across several decades, psychologist M. Brent Donnellan found little change when looking at the Millennial generation’s ideas about self-esteem, individualism, or life satisfaction compared to young people in the past. And when psychology researchers at the University of Illinois compared narcissism rates with age and life stages in another 2010 study, they found that narcissistic behavior was related not to generation, but to age-related developmental stages. “This leads to the conclusion that every generation is Generation Me, as every generation of younger people are more narcissistic than their elders,” the researchers wrote.
Perhaps today’s young people are products, rather than drivers, of the cultural saturation16) of narcissism that Kluger describes. They’re not leading the charge—they’re simply evolving with the times, just as their parents, siblings, and grandparents are. Maybe Kluger is right: Maybe we’re all just a little more into ourselves than we used to be.
And for those uniquely self-centered, narcissistic Millennials, well, researchers say they’re actually a lot less selfish than popular reports make it seem. While Twenge alleges that the increase in narcissism has promoted a generational trend toward “more extrinsic values (money, image, and fame) and away from intrinsic values (community feeling, affiliation, and self-acceptance),” other researchers, including Arnett, have found the opposite. In a recent survey of 18- to 29-year olds, 80 percent agreed with the statement, “It is more important for me to enjoy my job than to make a lot of money,” while 86 percent agreed that “It is important to me to have a career that does some good in the world.” And a 2010 survey of high school seniors found that from 1976 to 2006, “there were no meaningful changes in egotism, self-enhancement, individualism, self-esteem.”
So they love the selfie? Let them. Says Arnett: “In many other ways, this is an exceptionally generous generation.”
幾個月前,一則關于美國精神病學會將“自拍”列為精神障礙的征兆之一的新聞迅速傳開,一時在Facebook和Twitter上鬧得沸沸揚揚。直到后來有消息披露,這則新聞純屬惡作劇。
但盡管如此,我依然懷疑我并不是唯一一個在Facebook上曬自己的照片后會對自己感到一絲厭惡的人。在內心深處,拍自拍照感覺并不僅僅是要留住某個瞬間—也感覺是要把自己最得意的一面定格。
在大眾心理學著作《隔壁的自戀者:了解潛伏于你的家庭、辦公室、床上以及你的世界中的怪物》一書中,作家兼《時代周刊》特約編輯杰弗里·克盧格認為,“自拍”的流行只是我們的文化變得愈加自戀的一個表現。實際上,他說,自戀行為在今天不僅更為人們所接受,甚至還受到人們的贊揚。“我們對那些精于打扮、愛凹造型的人已經習以為常了,他們除了自身以及在公眾視野里拋頭露面的需求,沒有其他可貢獻的東西。”他說。例如,與唐納德·特朗普和金·卡戴珊等名人以自我為中心的嘩眾取寵的可笑舉動相比,我們自己的自戀傾向顯得更易接受,而社交媒體只會助長人們對于關注的渴望。Facebook之于自戀者,猶如免費酒吧之于一名酒鬼。
但是,克盧格的書中還用了相當多的筆墨談及那個老調重彈的話題:千禧一代—伴隨著自拍和Facebook長大成人的一代—是最專注于自我的一代人。“在我們這個社會中有很多人是自戀的,”克盧格寫道,“但是千禧一代的自戀已經上升到普遍流行的程度了。”
他們當然是這樣。他們年輕,充滿自我意識,就像此前的每一代人都曾在某個階段經歷過的那樣。但是,千禧一代比之前的幾代人,比如說嬰兒潮一代(曾被認為是當時最沉迷于自我的一代人),更自戀嗎?想想《紐約雜志》1976年的封面故事,湯姆·沃爾夫在文中宣稱20世紀70年代是“唯我的十年”。可以說,每一代人似乎都比上一代人更加自戀一些,他們挺起胸膛,過分自信、大搖大擺甚至有些傲慢地踏入社會。這些特點只不過是成年早期的標志性特征而已—這常常是人們第一次進入社會,申請第一份工作,遇見可能的人生伴侶的時期。過度自信正是人們借以奮力適應這些重大變化的手段。
無論是《時代周刊》2013年的封面故事《自我的一代》,還是克盧格的書,其中作為千禧一代自戀的證據都引自同一份統計數據。在2008年《人格雜志》刊登的一篇研究報告中,圣迭戈州立大學心理學教授瓊·特文格從一項跨時27年的研究中發現,大學生的自戀行為自20世紀70年代后有顯著增加。美國國家衛生研究院于2008年發表的另一份研究報告則指出,在20~29歲這個年齡段,有9.4%的人表現得極端自戀,與此形成對照的是,在65歲以上的人群中,這一數字僅為3.2%。
但是上述所有證據都存在著一個問題:這些數據是不可靠的。“將千禧一代稱作自戀者,或者說他們比前幾代人自戀,是極不公平的。”克拉克大學心理學教授杰弗里·詹森·阿內特說。阿內特投入了大量時間并進行了眾多研究,來反駁圣迭戈州立大學的特文格借以作為事業基礎的這組統計數據。他說,特文格關于年輕人的自戀行為增加了30%的斷言是站不住腳的,因為她是根據一份包含40個問題的“自戀人格量表”(NPI)所收集的數據得出的結論,而這份量表得出的結果很大程度上依賴于人們對它的解讀。例如,贊同“我很果斷”或“我希望自己能更果斷些”這樣的說法能夠衡量自戀、自尊或領導才能嗎?
在文化層面上,“自戀”已經成為某種流行語,用以稱謂一個人身上那些令人不快或不討人喜歡的特征。這就像是當人們說自己有“強迫癥”時,通常只是因為他們挑剔或注重細節,而并不是他們符合實際的臨床診斷。如果你喜歡談論自己,但同時也能對他人表示同情,你就不是一個自戀的人。如果你在工作中極為自信,但也善于聽取批評意見,你可能也不是一個自戀的人。
另一些研究則直接與“千禧一代是迄今最自戀的一代人”的觀點相對立。在一項跨越幾十年的針對高三學生的大型調查中,心理學家M. 布倫特·唐納倫發現,千禧一代對于自尊、個人主義或生活滿意度的觀念與過去的年輕人相比幾乎沒有變化。在2010年的另一項研究中,伊利諾伊大學的心理學研究人員將自戀的比率與年齡及人生階段進行了對照,結果發現自戀行為并非與某一代人相關,而是與和年齡有關的成長階段相關。“由此得出的結論是,每一代人都是唯我的一代,因為每一代年輕人都比他們的長輩更自戀。”研究者們寫道。
對于克盧格描述的充斥著自戀心理的文化氛圍,今天的年輕人也許只是其產物,而非推手。他們并沒有引領風氣—他們只是隨著時代而發展,就像他們的父母、兄弟姐妹和祖父母們一樣。也許克盧格是對的:或許我們都比以往多了一些對自我的關注。
至于那些獨一無二的以自我為中心并自戀的千禧一代,研究者們表示,他們其實遠沒有一些流行的報道中所宣揚的那么自私。雖然特文格聲稱,自戀程度的加深促使這一代人傾向于“更為外在的價值標準(金錢、形象和名氣),而背離了內在的價值標準(社群感、人際歸屬和自我認同)”,但包括阿內特在內的其他研究者發現的事實卻恰恰相反。在最近一項針對18~29歲年齡段的人展開的調查中,80%的人贊同這樣的話:“比起掙大錢,喜歡自己的工作對我更重要。”86%的人贊同“做一番對世界有益的事業對我很重要”。而在2010年開展的一項針對高三學生的調查發現,從1976年到2006年,“在自我主義、自我提升、個人主義和自尊方面,沒有任何顯著變化”。
他們喜歡自拍?那就隨他們去吧。阿內特說:“在其他許多方面,這是特別慷慨大度的一代人。”
1.hoax [h??ks] n. 騙局;惡作劇
2.self-loathing:自我討厭
3.at large:沒有固定職位的
4.Donald Trump:唐納德·特朗普(1946~),美國商人、作家、主持人,曾是美國最知名的房地產商之一,人稱“地產之王”。
5.Kim Kardashian:金·卡戴珊(1980~),美國娛樂界名媛、服裝設計師、演員
6.proclivity [pr???kl?v?ti] n. 癖性;(尤指壞的)傾向
7.palatable [?p?l?t?b(?)l] adj. 可以接受的,合乎趣味的
8.Millennials:千禧一代,或稱Y一代、網絡一代(The Net Generation),意指出生時間在1980~2000年之間的美國年輕人。他們是二戰后嬰兒潮一代的后代。
9.pandemic [p?n?dem?k] adj. (疾病等)大規模流行的;普遍的
10.cohort [?k???h??(r)t] n. 一群
11.Tom Wolfe:湯姆·沃爾夫(1931~),美國記者、作家。他的報道風格大膽,以使用俚語、造詞和異端的標點為特征。
12.puff [p?f] vi. 驕傲自大;趾高氣揚
13.swagger [?sw?ɡ?(r)] n. 大搖大擺;吹牛
14.flimsy [?fl?mzi] adj. 站不住腳的
15.fastidious [f??st?di?s] adj. 挑剔的;苛求的
16.saturation [?s?t???re??(?)n] n. 飽和狀態;浸透;滲透