2015年5月,我重游英國牛津大學,在St Edmund Hall學院的長椅上,看到下面這句話(如右上圖所示)。
1. It’s not the years in your life that count; it’s the life in your years.
這是獻給一位25歲即已逝去的年輕生命(In loving memory of Katie Ashbridge who died 15th May 2007 aged 25 years)的一句話。上面這個句子是何意呢?語法結構又該如何分析呢?這就是本期我們要討論的內容。
語義分析
上面例1的句子是一個結構為“It is … that …”的強調句型,被強調的兩個元素分別是the years in your life和the life in your years,我們可以分別以X和Y來代替,因此,原句的基本結構可總結為以下的句型一。
句型一:It is not X that …; it is Y.
這個句型的基本含義是“……不是X,而是Y”。為了避免重復,例句1的第二個分句省去了that counts,完整的句子為:“It’s not the years in your life that count; it’s the life in your years that counts.”我們可以看到,這句話很巧妙地把years和life互換位置,就構造出了一個很有深意的句子,意思是:“真正重要的不是生命中的歲月,而是歲月中的生活。”這就如同數學家帕斯卡所說的“給時光以生命,而不是給生命以時光”。因為逝者只有25歲,所以這句話用于紀念逝者非常貼切。它想要表達的是,生命的意義不在于其長度,而在于其寬度和厚度。我們無法決定自己生命的長度,但我們可以拓展它的寬度,增加它的厚度。它讓我想到,人這一輩子除掉睡眠只有一萬多天,人與人的不同在于,你是真的活了一萬多天,還是僅僅生活了一天,卻重復了一萬多次。
結構分析
從句法結構角度來看,文章開頭的例句可以有多種說法,我們可以采用以下多種句型來表達。
句型二:It is Y that …, not X.
此時例句改為:It’s the life in your years that counts, not the years in your life.
我們也可以采用“not … but”來連接X和Y,得出句型三。
句型三:It is not X but Y that …
此時例句改為:It’s not the years in your life but the life in your years that counts.
我們還可以采用“not so much … as”連接X和Y,此時得出句型四。
句型四:It is not so much X as Y that …
此時例句可以改為:It’s not so much the years in your life as the life in your years that counts.
其他例句展示
下面我們來看這些強調句型在真實的語言交際中是如何應用的。請看下面這個例句。
2. It’s not what we do once in a while that shapes our lives; it’s what we do consistently.
這句話采用了上述句型一,同樣在第二個句子后面省去了that shapes our lives。完整的句子為:“It’s not what we do once in a while that shapes our lives. It’s what we do consistently that shapes our lives.”句子的意思是:“造就我們生活的不是偶爾做一回的那些事情,而是我們持之以恒做的事情。”
我們可以采用其他三個句型來改寫上面這個句子。
①It’s what we do consistently that shapes our lives, not what we do once in a while. (句型二)
②It’s not what we do once in a while but what we do consistently that shapes our lives. (句型三)
③It’s not so much what we do once in a while as what we do consistently that shapes our lives. (句型四)
3. Like I always say, it’s the thought that counts, not the timing or so much the gift.
這句話采用了上述的句型二來表達,意思為:“如同我一直說的,重要的是有這份心,而不是送禮物的時間,甚至也不是禮物本身。” 而且這個句子還使用了(not) so much the gift,其實就是句型四中的“not so much … as …”句式。下面我們分別用句型一、句型三和句型四來改寫這個句子。
①It’s not the timing or the gift that counts; it’s the thought. (句型一)
②It’s not the timing or the gift but the thought that counts. (句型三)
③It’s not so much the timing or the gift as the thought that counts. (句型四)
我們再來看下面這段話。
4. A young man wanted to invite a young lady out for a special dinner. There was only one problem: He didn’t have any money! Instead, he made a simple meal and, although it was a stormy night, he took the woman to the beach where he treated her to a candle-lit dinner. It wasn’t the cost or the food that made the meal special; it was the thoughtfulness the man showed and the romantic mood he created.
這段話的最后一句其實運用的就是上面的句型一,這句話的第二個分句省略了that made the meal special,完整的句子是:“It wasn’t the cost or the food that made the meal special; it was the thoughtfulness the man showed and the romantic mood he created that made the meal special.”
我們也可以采用其他句型來表達,具體如下。
①It was the thoughtfulness the man showed and the romantic mood he created that made the meal special, not the cost or the food. (句型二)
②It wasn’t the cost or the food but the thoughtfulness the man showed and the romantic mood he created that made the meal special. (句型三)
③It wasn’t so much the cost or the food as the thoughtfulness the man showed and the romantic mood he created that made the meal special. (句型四)
總結
綜上所述,以后我們要強調說“……是X,而不是Y”,就可以采用下面四種句型。
句型一:It is not X that …; it is Y.
句型二:It is Y that …, not X.
句型三:It is not X but Y that …
句型四:It is not so much X as Y that …