艾薩克.巴什維斯.辛格(Isaac Bashevis Singer, 1904~1991)是美國二戰后最重要的猶太裔作家之一。他出生于當時處在沙皇俄國統治下的波蘭萊昂辛地區,他的父親是猶太教的拉比,他的童年和青少年在擁擠而傳統的華沙猶太教社區度過。1923年,他違背父親的愿望,沒有選擇神職,而是追隨哥哥加入了新聞業,成為一名作家。1925年,他發表了短篇小說處女作《暮年》(In Old Age)。1935年,他發表了長篇小說《撒旦在戈雷》(Satan in Goray),同年遷居美國,1943年獲得美國國籍。辛格的作品具有鮮明的猶太文化特色,有生動的人物塑造、奇幻的想象和神秘色彩,還有悲憫的情懷,透露出對猶太人命運的深刻思考。1978年,辛格獲得了諾貝爾文學獎。他的代表作有短篇小說集《傻瓜吉姆佩爾》(Gimpel the Fool and Other Stories)、《市場街的斯賓諾沙》(The Spinoza of Market Street)以及長篇小說《盧布林的魔術師》(The Magician of Lublin)等。
Excerpts1)
I am Gimpel the fool. I don’t think myself a fool. On the contrary. But that’s what folks call me. They gave me the name while I was still in school. I had seven names in all: imbecile2), donkey, flax-head, dope, glump, ninny3), and fool. The last name stuck. What did my foolishness consist of? I was easy to take in4). They said, “Gimpel, you know the rabbi5)’s wife has been brought to childbed6)?” So I skipped7) school. Well, it turned out to be a lie. How was I supposed to know? She hadn’t had a big belly. But I never looked at her belly. Was that really so foolish? The gang laughed and hee-hawed, stomped and danced and chanted a good-night prayer. And instead of the raisins they give when a woman’s lying in, they stuffed my hand full of goat turds8). I was no weakling. If I slapped someone he’d see all the way to Cracow. But I’m really not a slugger9) by nature. I think to myself: Let it pass. So they take advantage of me.
I was coming home from school and heard a dog barking. I’m not afraid of dogs, but of course I never want to start up with them. One of them may be mad, and if he bites there’s not a Tartar10) in the world who can help you. So I made tracks11). Then I looked around and saw the whole market place wild with laughter. It was no dog at all but Wolf-Leib the Thief. How was I supposed to know it was he? It sounded like a howling bitch.
When the pranksters and leg-pullers12) found that I was easy to fool, every one of them tried his luck with me. “Gimpel, the Czar is coming to Frampol; Gimpel, the moon fell down in Turbeen; Gimpel, little Hodel Furpiece found a treasure behind the bathhouse.” And I like a golem13) believed everyone. In the first place, everything is possible, as it is written in The Wisdom of the Fathers, I’ve forgotten just how. Second, I had to believe when the whole town came down on me14)! If I ever dared to say, “Ah, you’re kidding!” there was trouble. People got angry. “What do you mean! You want to call everyone a liar?” What was I to do? I believed them, and I hope at least that did them some good.
I was an orphan. My grandfather who brought me up was already bent toward the grave. So they turned me over to a baker, and what a time they gave me there! Every woman or girl who came to bake a batch of noodles had to fool me at least once. “Gimpel, there’s a fair in Heaven; Gimpel, the rabbi gave birth to a calf in the seventh month; Gimpel, a cow flew over the roof and laid brass eggs.” A student from the yeshiva15) came once to buy a roll, and he said, “You, Gimpel, while you stand here scraping with your baker’s shovel the Messiah16) has come. The dead have arisen.” “What do you mean?” I said. “I heard no one blowing the ram17)’s horn!” He said, “Are you deaf?” And all began to cry, “We heard it, we heard!” Then in came Rietze the candle-dipper18) and called out in her hoarse voice, “Gimpel, your father and mother have stood up from the grave. They’re looking for you.”
To tell the truth, I knew very well that nothing of the sort had happened, but all the same, as folks were talking, I threw on my wool vest19) and went out. Maybe something had happened. What did I stand to lose by looking? Well, what a cat music went up! And then I took a vow to believe nothing more. But that was no go either. They confused me so that I didn’t know the big end from the small.

I went to the rabbi to get some advice. He said, “It is written, better to be a fool all your days than for one hour to be evil. You are not a fool. They are the fools. For he who causes his neighbor to feel shame loses Paradise himself.” Nevertheless the rabbi’s daughter took me in. As I left the rabbinical court she said, “Have you kissed the wall yet?” I said, “No; what for?” She answered, “It’s the law; you’ve got to do it after every visit.” Well, there didn’t seem to be any harm in it. And she burst out laughing. It was a fine trick. She put one over on me20), all right.
1.節選部分選自小說開頭,小說主人公傻瓜吉姆佩爾講述了自己名字的由來以及周圍人們對他的捉弄和欺騙。
2.imbecile [??mb?si?l] n. 低能者;愚蠢的人
3.ninny [?n?ni] n. 傻子;笨人
4.take in:欺騙,使上當
5.rabbi [?r?ba?] n. 拉比(猶太教領袖和經師)
6.childbed [?t?a?ldbed] n. 分娩
7.skip [sk?p] vt.〈口〉缺席;無故不到
8.turd [t??(r)d] n. 糞便
9.slugger [?sl?ɡ?(r)] n. 重擊者
10.Tartar [?tɑ?(r)t?(r)] n. 韃靼人(中世紀侵擾亞洲及東歐大片土地的蒙古人和突厥人)
11.make tracks:〈美口〉匆匆離去;跑掉
12.leg-puller:作弄者,嘲弄者
13.golem [?ɡ??l?m] n. (猶太人民間傳說中的)有生命的泥人;傻瓜,呆頭呆腦的人
14.come down on sb.:斥責;訓斥
15.yeshiva [j???i?v?] n. 猶太初等學校;猶太高等學校
16.the Messiah:彌賽亞(猶太人盼望的復國救主)
17.ram [r?m] n. 公羊
18.dipper [?d?p?(r)] n. 浸染工
19.vest [vest] n. (貼身穿的)背心
20.put one over on sb.:欺騙某人,哄騙某人
作品賞析
《傻瓜吉姆佩爾》是諾貝爾獲獎者辛格的短篇小說。主人公吉姆佩爾住在沙皇統轄下的東歐小鎮弗拉姆波爾,是一位面包師。他是鎮上的“名人”,有著“傻瓜”的綽號,所有人都覺得他笨,只有他自己不這么想。
說到傻瓜吉姆佩爾,在鎮里人們的眼中,他做的傻事可多了。人們說母牛飛上了屋頂,他相信。人們說他去世的父母復活了,他相信。有人學狗叫騙他,他就以為真的有狗在追他。生孩子的主人家給所有人送葡萄干,分給他的卻是羊糞。他是人們的笑柄和欺負的對象。在大家的脅迫下,他還娶了遠近聞名的浪蕩女埃爾卡。埃爾卡早在婚前就有私生子,但她謊稱私生子是自己的弟弟,吉姆佩爾選擇了相信。婚后不足四個月,埃爾卡生下了一個孩子,她謊稱孩子是早產兒,吉姆佩爾也相信。甚至在吉姆佩爾目睹了妻子和情人幽會并且拉比也同意了他和妻子離婚后,他還是因為放不下妻子和孩子而選擇了聽信妻子的解釋,回到了家。此后,埃爾卡更加有恃無恐地偷情,先后生了六個孩子,臨終前才告訴吉姆佩爾這些孩子沒有一個是他的親生子。吉姆佩爾沒有選擇對這些孩子進行報復,而是將所有的財產都留給了他們,獨自離開故鄉,開始漫游各地。隨著年齡越來越大,他變成了深受孩子們喜歡的滿肚子有神奇故事的白發長者。
辛格所塑造的吉姆佩爾天真善良,然而也有明顯的弱點。他似乎過于懦弱,受到傷害時只會逆來順受。他似乎過于輕信他人,多次被人欺騙,卻不長記性。他的善良沒有為他的人生帶來什么看得到的益處,反而讓他成為人人欺凌的對象。他的善反襯出世界的惡,世界對待像吉姆佩爾這樣的天真者是何其不公。
然而,在吉姆佩爾的天真中,有一種洞悉真理的深刻。在他的軟弱中,有一種生生不息的堅強。他是弱者,卻比那些強者心胸更廣,他寬宥所有惡待他的人。對他來說,人生最痛苦的時刻莫過于妻子埃爾卡告訴他,他辛辛苦苦養大的六個孩子都不是他的親生子。埃爾卡存在的意義似乎就是為他帶來傷害。在埃爾卡的葬禮過后,他第一次遭遇了人生的信仰危機。他仿佛在夢中聽到了魔鬼的誘惑:“全世界都欺騙你,所以你應該欺騙全世界了。”他把尿加在面包里,打算讓全鎮人毫不知情地吃下污穢的東西。可是在關鍵時刻,他的良心以埃爾卡顯靈的形式告訴他,弄虛作假騙不了他人,只能騙自己。而且,這樣的行為得不到寬恕。一旦如此,他和那些傷害他的人沒有兩樣。所以他急忙把已放進爐灶的面包取了出來,進行銷毀。
一個能夠經歷靈魂掙扎、進行道德自省的人不會是真的傻子。吉姆佩爾懂得一條樸素的真理:對于善良的人來說,傷害他人,不可能給自己帶來幸福。或許在內心深處,他已經隱隱約約猜出了真相。周圍的人們是如何對待他的,妻子是什么樣的人,他不是沒有覺察。然而,他依然愿意相信他們的解釋,因為他說:“我決心永遠相信人家對我說的話。今天你不相信你的妻子,明天你就不相信上帝。”以惡報惡所引發的是睚眥必報的惡性循環,不如以德報怨,讓人們笑他傻,他的心卻獲得安定。他說:“肩膀是上帝造的,負擔也是上帝給的。”他愿意承擔。更何況,從小說中我們可以看到,所有的精明人看似占盡好處,卻不見得會得到幸福。以他的妻子埃爾卡為例。她不斷地換情人,何嘗是得到了真情,分明是被各種無法滿足的欲望折磨。臨終時,她告訴吉姆佩爾六個孩子都是私生子,這既是臨終前變相的懺悔,讓吉姆佩爾了解真相,放下她內心的重擔,也是滿含惡意的報復,她想敗壞吉姆佩爾始終如一的天真,要看看他能不能繼續善良下去。吉姆佩爾在得知真相后,最終選擇了寬恕,將錢留給孩子,凈身出戶。反倒是埃爾卡死后托夢而來,她的臉是黑的,帶著魔鬼的烙印。只因為吉姆佩爾選擇了寬恕,她此后顯靈時才有了被凈化后的容光煥發。
辛格作為美國二戰后最重要的猶太作家之一,非常重視在作品中對猶太人的命運進行刻畫和探討,而猶太人又是第二次世界大戰中遭受苦難最為深重的民族,這兩點使《傻瓜吉姆佩爾》在發表后引起了批評家的關注。雖然吉姆佩爾生活在俄國沙皇時代,和二戰沒有明確的時間關聯,有的批評家卻從中讀出了辛格對二戰根源的隱喻。美國批評家魯斯·威斯尖銳地批評吉姆佩爾的軟弱與輕信,認為吉姆佩爾所呼應的是那些像牛羊一樣被納粹趕進集中營的猶太人。他們既拒絕面對現實,也沒有能力反抗。吉姆佩爾順從小鎮居民的凌辱,就像是猶太人順從納粹的屠殺。這一解讀沒有注意到在小說結尾,作家辛格并沒有讓吉姆佩爾像二戰中的猶太人一樣屈辱地死去,而是讓他活了下來,活得長壽,活得自在,活得洞悉生死、曠達寬容。他的前半生是屈辱的故事,后半生卻是以旅行中的修士的形象出現。他的身上折射著猶太人的民族性:屢屢受辱卻不失本心,常懷樂觀,永存信仰。這正是猶太民族在失去家園、流浪漂泊、受盡欺凌后,依然保持著堅韌的民族生存力的原因。
美國文學批評家歐文·豪稱吉姆佩爾為“聰明的或者是圣徒式的傻子”。這個悖論式的評價一點也不過分。吉姆佩爾懂得人生的大智慧。因為善良與寬宥,他的靈魂獲得了寧靜、平和。小說結尾,他成為猶太人記憶的傳承者和講述者,在旅行中尋找人生的意義,走鄉串戶,給孩子們講述與信仰有關的神秘故事。就像是他在開篇所說的:“我不認為自己是個傻瓜。恰恰相反。”