蔣滿波,曾敏慧,章鈞,文艷飛,張濱,蔡柳洪△
(中山大學附屬第三醫院1生殖醫學中心,2不育與性醫學科,3產前診斷實驗室,廣東 廣州 510630)
地中海貧血“integration-free”誘導多能干細胞的建立及造血分化的研究*
蔣滿波1,2,曾敏慧1,章鈞3,文艷飛1,張濱2,蔡柳洪1△
(中山大學附屬第三醫院1生殖醫學中心,2不育與性醫學科,3產前診斷實驗室,廣東 廣州 510630)
目的:建立無外源基因整合(integration-free)的地中海貧血患者特異誘導多能干細胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSC),并研究其向造血前體細胞分化的可能性。方法:用核轉染的方法將表達Oct4、Sox2、Klf4、c-Myc和Lin28轉錄因子的質粒pEB-C5以及表達SV40大T抗原的質粒pEB-Tg導入引產巴氏水腫胎皮膚成纖維細胞中,將其重編程為iPSC后檢測其向3個胚層細胞分化的特性。將iPSC細胞與小鼠OP9細胞共培養向造血前體細胞誘導分化,檢測造血前體細胞特異性抗原。結果:成功建立了巴氏水腫胎皮膚成纖維細胞來源的α地中海貧血患者特異iPSC系,其具有向3個胚層分化的能力,與OP9細胞共培養9 d后可檢測到造血前體細胞標記CD34的陽性率為18.7%,CD34和CD45雙陽性為12.2%。結論:巴氏水腫胎皮膚成纖維細胞可成功誘導成“integration-free”iPSC,該細胞系具有向3個胚層分化的能力,與OP9共培養可向造血前體細胞分化。
地中海貧血;誘導多能干細胞;無外源基因整合;造血分化
α地中海貧血(α-thalassemia,簡稱α地貧)是最常見的血液系統遺傳病之一,是一種常染色體遺傳病,由于珠蛋白鏈合成不足或完全缺如,導致血紅蛋白的α鏈與非α鏈比例失衡,從而使患者產生溶血性貧血表現[1]。巴氏水腫胎是α地貧純合子,既往幾乎沒有希望活產或生后數天內死亡。由于技術的發展,通過宮內輸血和生后持續輸血治療,也有零星報道存活的α地貧純合子患者[2-3]。2007年人成體細胞來源的誘導多能干細胞(induced pluripotent stem cell,iPSC)建系成功[4],使患者特異的iPSC建系成為可能,而iPSC具有無限增殖和多能分化的潛能,患者特異iPSC來源的細胞自體移植不會導致免疫排斥,也沒有倫理方面的問題[5],為α地貧這一類難治性遺傳性疾病提供了研究致病分子機制的重要細胞模型與可能的供體細胞來源。但經典的重編程因子導入細胞基因組存在致瘤性和遺傳上的風險,要應用于臨床還需解決其安全性的問題。
2009 年第1例來自β地貧純合子患者皮膚成纖維細胞的iPSC建系成功,也證明了其向造血細胞分化和產生血紅蛋白的潛能[6]。此后,來自皮膚成纖維細胞、羊水細胞、絨毛膜細胞和骨髓干細胞的地中海貧血基因背景的iPSC細胞先后建系成功[7-10]。但α地貧的研究比較少。本文報道利用巴氏水腫胎引產胎兒的皮膚成纖維細胞用質粒核轉染方法重編程為無外源基因整合的iPSC,并將其往造血干細胞分化,為研究α地貧提供細胞模型。
1 材料
DMEM高糖培養基、胎牛血清(fetal calf serum,FBS)、KnockOutTMDMEM高糖培養基、DMEM/F12培養基、N2B27培養基、Essential 8TM培養基、Knock-OutTM血清替代物(KnockOutTMSerum Replacement,KSR)、青/鏈霉素、L-谷氨酞胺(GlutaMAXTM-I)、非必需氨基酸(nonessential amino acids,NEAA)、β-巰基乙醇、明膠溶液、0.05%胰酶-EDTA、PBS、膠原酶IV (Invitrogen);硫代甘油(monothioglycerol,MTG)溶液和DMSO(Sigma);MEK inhibitor、GSK3β inhibitor、TGF-β inhibitor和human leukemia inhibitory factor (上海前塵生物公司);多聚甲醛和抗熒光衰減封片劑(廣州義邦生物有限公司);堿性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,AKP)染色試劑盒和免疫熒光試劑盒(上海斯丹賽有限公司);電轉試劑盒(Lonza);質粒大量提取試劑盒(Qiangen)、缺失型α-地中海貧血基因診斷試劑盒(深圳益生堂生物企業有限公司)。質粒pEB-C5和pEB-Tg由美國Johns Hopkins大學Linzhao Cheng Lab惠贈。α地貧皮膚成纖維細胞來自基因診斷為α地貧純合子的引產胎兒(即巴氏水腫胎),取得胎兒父母的知情同意,項目的實施獲得中山大學附屬第三醫院生殖醫學倫理委員會批準。
2 方法
2.1 細胞培養基配制按照文獻記載方法配制人胚胎成纖維細胞培養基(human embryonic fibroblasts,HEF)培養基和擬胚體(embryoid body,EB)培養基[4]。配制100 mL Supplemented Fibroblast Medium(SFM):100 mL HEF培養基+100 μL HA-100 +40μL bFGF(10 mg/L),現配現用;配制250 mL N2B27培養基:238.75 mL DMEM/F12+2.5 mL N-2 supplement+5.0 mL B-27 supplement+2.5 mL NEAA+1.25 mL GlutaMAXTM-I+454.5 μL β-巰基乙醇+MEK inhibitor(0.5 μmol/L)+GSK3β inhibitor(3 μmol/L)+TGF-β inhibitor(0.5 μmol/L)+human leukemia inhibitory factor(10 μg/L)+ROCK inhibitor(10 μmol/L)+bFGF(100 μg/L);配制100 mL OP9培養基:79 mL αMEM培養基+20 mL FBS+1 mL NEAA;配制100 mL OP9/iPSC共培養培養基:90 mL αMEM+10 mL FBS+1 mL NEAA+100 μL MTG。
2.2 核轉染成纖維細胞傳代后培養2~3 d,轉染細胞數是2×106細胞。電轉緩沖液100 μL中加入4 μg pEB-C5和4 μg pEB-Tg,選擇NucleofectorⅡ核轉染儀的U-020程序。以試劑盒中所帶綠色熒光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)質粒作為核轉染的陽性對照。核轉染后的細胞轉移到已經鋪有matrigel膠并已經加有SFM培養基的6孔板上培養過夜。核轉染后第1天開始使用N2B27培養基換液,隔天換液直到第14天。核轉染第15天開始使用Essential 8TM培養基換液,隔天換液,并每天觀察克隆形成的情況。核轉染后第21天用機械法挑取克隆轉移到包被Matrigel的6孔板上培養、傳代[11-12]。
2.3 細胞未分化特性檢測培養5代后檢測iPSC染色體,計數30個細胞,G顯帶。AKP染色、免疫熒光染色、畸胎瘤實驗和擬胚體形成實驗根據文獻報道進行[4]。
2.4 造血分化與鑒定共培養前2~4 d復蘇OP9細胞,接種密度為每孔1×105。共培養當天將iPSC用EDTA消化成細胞團塊,用洗滌離心后接種到OP9細胞層上,每隔2 d換液1次[13-14]。在共培養第9天,流式細胞術檢測CD34和CD45。
1 核轉染結果
核轉染質粒后第1天細胞形態發生變化,細胞膨脹。在第7天出現細胞聚集類克隆樣,第12天更加明顯,第15天iPSC克隆呈鳥巢狀集落,與未誘導成多能干細胞的成纖維細胞界限清楚,第21天克隆長大,可以機械法挑取傳代,見圖1。

Figure 1.Reprogramming of α-thalassemic fibroblasts.The scale bar=100 μm.a:PCR results of thalassemia detection of fibroblast cells.M:PCR marker;1:-SEA/αα positive;2:-SEA/-SEApositive;3:fetal fibroblasts(-SEA/-SEA);4:blood cells of mother(-SEA/αα).b:day 1 after transfection;c:day 7 after transfection;d:day 12 after transfection;e:day 15 after transfection;f:day 21 after transfection.圖1 α地貧成纖維細胞的重編程
2 iPSC的未分化狀態以及多能分化狀態的鑒定
免疫熒光染色結果顯示,干細胞多能性標志基因的蛋白Oct4、Sox2及干細胞特異表面抗原SSEA-4、TRA-1-60均陽性,見圖2。α地中海貧血特異性誘導多功能干細胞(α-thalassemia specific induced pluripotent stem cells,α-iPSC)畸胎瘤形成結果顯示腫瘤組織中包含有內、外、中3個胚層來源的組織,即血管、神經和軟骨。iPSC懸滴法培養后8 d形成擬胚體;培養到第5代核型分析結果顯示,iPSC仍然為正常的(46,XX)核型,見圖3。

Figure 2.Immunofluorescence staining of the iPSC.The scale bar=100 μm.圖2 iPSC的免疫熒光染色結果

Figure 3.Embryoid body and teratoma formation of the iPSC and karyotype determination.The scale bar=100 μm.a:AKP staining; b:embryoid body formation;c:endoderm of teratoma;d:mesoderm of teratoma;e:ectoderm of teratoma;f:the normal karyotype.圖3 iPSC擬胚體及畸胎瘤的形成和核型檢測
3 α-iPSC的造血分化
α-iPSC和OP9基質細胞系共培養8~10 d后收集細胞,并進行了造血標志蛋白的流式分析,結果顯示CD34+造血干細胞比例為18.7%,CD34+和CD45+造血祖細胞比例為12.2%,見圖4。

Figure 4.Hematopoietic differentiation of the iPSC.The scale bar=100 μm.a:OP9 cells;b:day 3 after coculture;c:day 5 after coculture;d:day 9 after coculture;e:detection of CD34 by flow cytometry;f:detection of CD34 and CD45 by flow cytometry.圖4 iPSC的造血分化結果
目前將體細胞誘導為iPSC時主要還是基于2007年Yamanaka報告的4因子為主,外源基因導入細胞存在一定的致瘤性,無外源基因整合的iPSC誘導技術成為重要研究方向[15-17]。pEB-C5一個質粒能同時表達Oct4、Sox2、Klf4、c-Myc和Lin28轉錄因子,一次轉染即可成功誘導成體外周血單核細胞和臍帶血細胞誘導分化為無外源基因整合的iPSC,pEB-Tg質粒表達SV40大T抗原,與pEB-C5共轉染pEB-Tg主要用于提高誘導效率[18-19]。這是基于EBNA1/oriP體系的質粒載體,當質粒導入細胞內后能夠表達蛋白EBNA,EBNA隨后結合在復制子oriP上,使該質粒在染色體外不經過基因組整合就可進行復制。這樣就保證了由該質粒攜帶的誘導蛋白在整個iPSC誘導過程中得到表達,但在獲得iPSC后,導入的質粒由于不整合到基因組,經過一定時間的體外培養(10~12代)之后便可逐漸失,從而得到無外源基因整合的iPSC。
人類iPSC的優勢之一是細胞來源非常廣泛。雖然pEB-C5和pEB-Tg主要是用于外周血細胞或者臍帶血細胞的再程序化,但在這里我們同時利用pEB-C5和pEB-Tg共轉染將引產巴氏水腫胎皮膚成纖維細胞成功地誘導為iPSC。免疫組化檢查、堿性磷酸酶檢查和畸胎瘤檢查結果證實了地貧iPSC細胞的多能分化能力。
早在1994年,Nakano等[20]首次將干細胞與OP9細胞共培養獲得淋巴造血細胞。2011年,Morishima等[21]則利用iPSC與OP9共培養,在細胞因子的輔助下延長培養時間至30 d,獲得了與外周血中成熟中性粒細胞相似的細胞。研究表明,利用與OP9細胞共培養的方法誘導干細胞發育成為造血前體細胞,分化所需的時間短,僅需8~9 d,分化過程中無需添加細胞因子,是向造血細胞分化的簡單有效的第一步[13]。
我們的研究顯示,同時利用pEB-C5和pEB-Tg共轉染可以將引產巴氏水腫胎皮膚成纖維細胞成功地誘導為無外源基因整合的iPSC,該細胞系為未分化狀態,具有多能分化能力,與OP9共培養可以向造血細胞分化。我們的研究結果為研究α地貧提供了細胞模型。
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Generation of thalassemia-specific integration-free induced pluripotent stem cells and determination of their differentiation ability
JIANG Man-bo1,2,ZENG Min-hui1,ZAHNG Jun3,WEN Yan-fei1,ZHANG bin2,CAI Liu-hong1
(1Center for Reproductive Medicine,2Department of Infertility&Sexual Medicine,3Prenatal Diagnostic Laboratory,The Third Affiliated Hospital,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510630,China.E-mail:cailh@mail.sysu.edu.cn)
AIM:To generate thalassemia-specific integration-free induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSC)and to detect their ability of differentiation into hematopoietic precursors.METHODS:The plasmids pEB-C5 and pEB-Tg were transfected into the fibroblast cells from hemoglobin Bart’s hydrops fetalis’s skin by the method of nuclear transfection to reprogramm the cells into iPSC.The ability of the iPSC to differentiate into 3-germ layer cells was determined.The iPSC were cocultured with mouse OP9 cells to differentiate into hematopoietic precursors and the hematopoietic precursor specific antigens were detected.RESULTS:The integration-free iPSC from hemoglobin Bart’s hydrops fetalis’s skin fibroblasts were successfully derived,and had the ability to differentiate into 3 germ layers.When cocultured with OP9 cells for 9 d,the positive rate of hematopoietic progenitor cell marker CD34 was 18.7%,and the CD34 and CD45 double positive rate was 12.2%.CONCLUSION:Hemoglobin Bart’s hydrops fetalis’s skin fibroblasts can be successfully induced into“integration-free”iPSC.This cell line has the ability to differentiate into 3 germ layers,and can be differentiated into hematopoietic precursors when cocultured with OP9 cells.
Thalassemia;Induced pluripotent stem cells;Integration-free;Hematopoietic differentiation
R363;Q813.5
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2015.02.010
1000-4718(2015)02-245-05
2014-12-30
2015-01-13
國家自然科學基金面上資助項目(No.81170533)
△通訊作者Tel:020-85256335;E-mail:cailh@mail.sysu.edu.cn