睢勇 李潤堂


[摘要] 目的 探討缺血后適應療法對急性ST段抬高心肌梗死細胞因子的影響和心肌細胞的保護作用。 方法 選擇2011年7月~2012年10月首次發生急性ST段抬高心肌梗死病例45例,隨機分為缺血/再灌注后適應組(25例)和對照組(20例)。缺血/再灌注后適應組在梗死相關血管獲得再灌注后,分別以PTCA球囊阻斷前向血流使再灌注時間分別達到60、120、180 s后,再恢復持續灌注并完成支架術;對照組常規完成支架植入術。測定并比較兩組術前術后丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)和白介素-6(IL-6)。 結果 缺血后適應組CK峰值較對照組明顯更低(P<0.05);術后兩組MDA、TNF-α、IL-6較術前顯著升高(P<0.05),SOD較術前顯著降低(P<0.05);術后適應組MDA、TNF-α、IL-6低于對照組(P<0.05);SOD高于對照組(P<0.05)。 結論 缺血/再灌注后適應療法能夠抑制心肌缺血/再灌注所引起的SOD水平下降,抑制MDA、TNF-α、IL-6水平升高,可以減輕急性心肌梗死急診PCI再灌注后的再灌注損傷。
[關鍵詞] 缺血/再灌注后適應;再灌注損傷;心肌梗死;急診經皮冠狀動脈介入
[中圖分類號] R542.22 [文獻標識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2015)30-0074-04
Research on the efficacy of adaptation therapy after emergency PCI reperfusion in treating acute myocardial infarction
SUI Yong1 LI Runtang2
1.Department of Cardiology, Liaocheng Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital in Shandong Province, Liaocheng 252000, China; 2.Department of Cardiology, Manchuria Hospital in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Manchuria 021400, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of adaptation after ischemic on acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction cytokines and the protective role of myocardial cells. Methods A total of 45 cases of patients with first occurrence of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction from July 2011 to October 2012 were selected and randomly divided into the adaptation after ischemia/reperfusion group (with 25 cases) and the control group (with 20 cases). The adaption after ischemia/reperfusion group received reperfusion after infracting related artery, and the blood flow was blocked by PTCA balloon so that the reperfusion time reached 60, 120 and 180 seconds respectively. Continuous infusion recovered and stenting was completed. The control group completed routine stent implantation. Preoperative and postoperative malondialdehyde(MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-6(IL-6) were determined and compared. Results The adaptation after ischemic group had significantly lower CK peak than the control group(P<0.05). MDA, TNF-α, IL-6 in the two groups after operation were significantly higher than those before operation(P<0.05). SOD in the two groups after operation was significantly lower than that before operation(P<0.05). Compared with those in the control group, MDA, TNF-α, IL-6 in the adaptation after reperfusion group decreased significantly(P<0.05) and SOD in the adaptation after adaptation group was significantly higher(P<0.05). Conclusion The post-adaptation can inhibit the drop of SOD levels caused by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, and inhibit the increase of MDA, TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Adaptation after ischemia/reperfusion can reduce reperfusion injury after emergency PCI reperfusion adaptation therapy in treating acute myocardial infarction.
[Key words] Adaptation after ischemia/reperfusion; Reperfusion injury; Myocardial infarction; Emergency percutaneous coronary intervention
急診經皮冠狀動脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)在臨床上已取得巨大成功,是急性ST段抬高心肌梗死的首選治療方法。盡管如此,因再灌注損傷普遍存在,不同程度降低缺血心肌再灌注治療的療效。減少再灌注損傷必然會改善再灌注治療效果,并有可能降低急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)的死亡率。缺血預適應(ischemic preconditioning,IP)的心肌保護機制可能是通過抑制氧化應激反應、保護內皮細胞功能、減少中心粒細胞聚集、抑制心肌細胞凋亡[1-7]。本研究通過觀察急性心肌梗死急診PCI時,當靶血管獲得再灌注后通過球囊附加缺血后適應時所引起的CK峰值,通過研究SOD、MDA、TNF-α、IL-6的水平變化初步探索缺血后適應的心肌保護作用和機制。現報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
2011年7月~2012年10月,根據參考文獻[8]連續入選急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(ST segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者45例,其中男26例,女19例,年齡36~79歲,平均(61.5±12.0)歲。入選標準:符合急診PCI適應證,并同意急診PCI治療。排除標準:①合并室間隔穿孔、乳頭肌或二尖瓣腱索斷裂、心臟破裂等機械并發癥;②合并心源性休克;③梗死相關動脈血栓負荷過重;④梗死相關動脈為左主干病變或者為其他冠脈閉塞合并左主干嚴重狹窄;⑤梗死相關血管已自發再通的(TIMI血流≥2級);⑥梗死的相關動脈開通后發生慢血流或者無復流現象;⑦至梗死相關血管側支開放充分(Rentrop分級[5,7]≥2級);⑧合并感染、結締組織病、全身免疫性疾病、肝腎功能不全、惡性腫瘤等;⑨梗死前心絞痛。根據隨機數字表將入選病例隨機分為缺血后適應組(Post-con)和對照組(Control)。兩組患者的一般資料及合并冠心病患者的易患因素相當,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),見表1。
表1 兩組一般資料比較
1.2 方法
根據隨機數字表將入選病例隨機分為缺血后適應組(Post-con)和對照組(Control)。
1.2.1 缺血后適應組 經PTCA球囊擴張,梗死相關血管開通并獲有效再灌注后(前向血流TIMI≥2級),再灌注開始60 s時,擴張PTCA球囊阻塞IRA 30 s;排空球囊并撤出,再灌注120 s時,擴張球囊阻斷IRA 30 s;排空球囊并撤出球囊,再灌注180 s時,擴張球囊阻斷血流30 s時排空球囊并將球囊撤出體外;隨后常規行支架植入術。
1.2.2 對照組 經PTCA球囊擴張,梗死相關血管開通并獲有效再灌注后(前向血流TIMI≥2級),常規行支架植入術。
1.3 標本采集
在靶血管再灌注前和再灌注后4 h、12 h分別采靜脈血3 mL,3000轉/min離心10 min,取上清液置于-20℃冰箱中保存。
1.4 MDA、SOD、TNF-α、IL-6的測定
分別測定兩組術前和術后4 h血清MDA、SOD的含量及兩組術前和術后12 h血清TNF-α、血清IL-6含量。SOD含量檢測采用黃嘌呤氧化酶法,MDA含量測定采用硫代巴比妥酸法,TNF-α含量、血清IL-6含量采用雙抗體夾心ELISA法。方法嚴格按照試劑盒操作說明書進行操作。
1.5 統計學分析
使用SPSS15.0統計學軟件進行統計分析,計量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗;計數資料采用χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 兩組CK峰值比較
缺血后適應組CK峰值較對照組低[(2931.66±1089.56) vs (3919.97±1304.10)U/L,t=19.348,P<0.05]。
2.2 兩組血清MDA、SOD、TNF-α、IL-6含量比較
術前兩組MDA、SOD、TNF-α、IL-6差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。術后兩組MDA、TNF-α、IL-6較術前顯著升高(P<0.05);SOD較術前顯著降低(P<0.05);術后適應組MDA、TNF-α、IL-6低于對照組(P<0.05),SOD高于對照組(P<0.05)。見表2。
3 討論
心肌缺血/再灌注損傷與其過程中氧自由基的大量產生、活化并引發心肌細胞氧化損傷密切相關[9,10]?;钚匝踝杂苫勺饔糜诩毎?、DNA、關鍵性蛋白導致細胞功能紊亂和死亡。正常細胞中存在抗氧化系統,包括抗氧化酶和抗氧化小分子??寡趸到y可以清除細胞內的活性氧自由基,防止細胞發生氧化損傷。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)是抗氧化酶系統中的關鍵酶。心肌缺血/再灌注會引起心肌細胞內SOD含量和活性的下降,因此細胞清除活性氧自由基、應對氧化損傷的能力下降[11-14]。1986年,Murry等[1]首先發現持續性缺血導致的損傷和梗死程度,會因之前反復短暫缺血發作而減輕,并定義這一現象為缺血預適應(ischemic preconditioning,IP)。2005年,Staat等[8]首先證實了缺血后適應的心肌保護作用。目前研究認為細胞MDA水平的高低可以間接反映細胞收到氧化損傷的程度。心肌缺血/再灌注過程中,活性氧自由基大量產生以及包括SOD在內的抗氧化酶合成減少并且活性降低,兩者互相影響產生惡性循環,導致心肌細胞嚴重損害并產生大量MDA。
本研究結果顯示,術后兩組血清MDA含量均較術前顯著升高,而血清SOD水平較術前顯著降低。這一結果與之前國內外的研究結果一致,均表現為缺血/再灌注時心肌細胞損害增加,并且SOD的抗氧化損害水平降低。缺血/再灌注后適應組MDA水平低于對照組(P<0.05),而SOD水平高于對照組,表明缺血/再灌注后適應減少再灌注后血清SOD水平的下降程度,缺血/再灌注后適應可以使細胞抗氧化能力增強。同時,降低的血清MDA水平反映心肌細胞氧化損害程度減輕,也間接反映缺血/再灌注后適應的保護作用。CK峰值代表心肌梗死數量的大小,缺血/再灌注后適應組CK峰值顯著低于對照組。缺血/再灌注后適應具有減少缺血心肌再灌注損傷的保護作用。依據上述,缺血后適應的心肌保護作用的機制可能與其能干預SOD的減少有關。
腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)是機體在應激情況下由單核巨噬細胞所產生的一種多肽,與細胞的炎癥反應緊密相關。有觀點認為,心肌缺血/再灌注損傷本質上也是一種強烈的炎性損傷[15,16]。研究證實[17,18],TNF-α參與心肌缺血/再灌注損傷中對心肌的損傷作用,且其表達水平在缺血/再灌注時顯著增高。IL-6是促炎癥細胞因子之一,參與心肌細胞缺血/再灌注損傷過程。IL-6可誘導肝臟產生大量急性反應產物,如hs-CRP,這已被認為是冠脈綜合征的發病機制之一[19,20]。
本研究結果還表明,術前兩組TNF-α、IL-6無顯著差異(P>0.05)。術后兩組TNF-α、IL-6較術前顯著升高(P<0.05);術后適應組TNF-α、IL-6低于對照組(P<0.05)。缺血后處理可以減少急性心肌梗死急診PCI再灌注后TNF-α、IL-6的生成,從而減輕心肌缺血/再灌注損傷的程度。
綜上所述,后適應能夠抑制心肌缺血/再灌注所引起的SOD水平下降,抑制MDA、TNF-α、IL-6水平的升高;缺血/再灌注后適應可以減輕急性心肌梗死急診PCI再灌注后的再灌注損傷。這可能也是后適應方法可以保護缺血心肌的機制之一。
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(收稿日期:2015-09-01)