杜秉健,唐曉雙,翟曉娜,2,劉 飛,3,冷小京,3,*
(1.中國農業大學食品科學與營養工程學院,北京 100083;2.北京茱古拉咖啡有限公司,北京 100085;3.奶牛產業技術體系北京市創新團 隊,北京 100102)
具有抗抑郁功效食品營養因子的研究進展
杜秉健1,唐曉雙1,翟曉娜1,2,劉飛1,3,冷小京1,3,*
(1.中國農業大學食品科學與營養工程學院,北京100083;2.北京茱古拉咖啡有限公司,北京100085;3.奶牛產業技術體系北京市創新團隊,北京100102)
抑郁癥是一種危害性大、涉及人群廣的情感障礙類疾病,致病機制主要有單胺類神經遞質系統失調、神經營養因子缺乏和下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸應激系統紊亂3類。目前常用的臨床治療手段多治愈率低、副作用大,受眾抵觸心理強烈,因此開發具有抗抑郁功能的保健食品作為輔助治療手段非常必要。本文對近年來食品抗抑郁營養因子(和/或功能因子)、作用機理以及營養素補充手段的主要研究進展進行綜述。
抗抑郁;營養因子;作用機理;營養補充
目前抑郁癥的臨床治療手段主要有心理療法(psychotherapy)、電痙攣療法(electroconvulsive therapy)以及藥物療法(antidepressant medications)[8]。然而臨床觀察顯示,這些方法或治療效果緩慢,或伴隨惡心、失眠、疲勞和性功能障礙等副作用,給患者帶來極大痛苦[9-10]。因此需要開發溫和的食物輔助治療手段增強療效,提高接受度。事實上,大量研究表明食物所含的多種營養因子在抑郁癥防治方面的確能夠發揮重要作用。近年來世界范圍內對食物中抗抑郁營養因子方面的研究,尤其是在作用機理和新型營養素補充手段等方面已經獲得了快速發展與長足進步。本文就近年來關于食品所含主要抗抑郁營養因子、作用機理和營養素補充手段的研究進展進行綜述,為開發新型保健食品提供參考。
1.1單胺假說(monoamine hypothesis)
抑郁產生自嚴重的情感障礙,其生物學基礎涉及腦部多區域功能的同步改變,因此與心境相關的大腦彌散性調節系統(diffuse modulatory system)的紊亂被認為與抑郁癥相關。常見的致幻劑如麥角二乙胺等和興奮劑如安非他命等都是通過影響該系統發生作用的。單胺假說認為,在大腦彌散性調節系統中起關鍵信號突觸傳遞作用的單胺類神經遞質5-羥色胺、去甲腎上腺素和多巴胺的釋放水平與抑郁癥發病有直接關系[11](圖1)。最早的證據出現在20世紀60年代,利血平作為一種降血壓藥導致約20%的服用者出現精神抑郁癥,隨后的研究表明它能耗竭中樞神經系統的5-羥色胺和兒茶酚胺[1]。一種用于治療肺結核病的藥物異丙肼,通過抑制單胺氧化酶,干擾其對5-羥色胺和兒茶酚胺的分解,會導致服用者出現情緒高漲的現象[12]。目前以單胺假說為基礎的抗抑郁藥在臨床應用上占據主導地位,如選擇性5-羥色胺重吸收抑制劑(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor,SSRI)、選擇性去甲腎上腺素重吸收抑制劑(selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors,NRIS)和5-羥色胺-去甲腎上腺素重吸收抑制劑(serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors,SNRI)等(表1)。需要注意的是,雖然這類藥物能快速調節遞質水平,但其抗抑郁作用需要用藥后數周才能體現[13],目前普遍認為遞質水平的增加只是該類藥物的直接效果,實際抗抑郁作用的發揮是通過增加的遞質與G蛋白偶聯受體結合引發級聯反應,提高大腦前額皮層和海馬體中神經元細胞的塑性,建立認知性新皮層環路,控制異常的神經環路后,進而體現出臨床抗抑郁的治療效果,該過程是需要一定時間的[14]。

圖1 單胺類神經遞質水平與抑郁癥狀的關系[11]11Fig.1Relationship between monoamine neurotransmitters and depression symptoms[11]

表1 主要的抗抑郁藥Table1Classes of antidepressant drugsdrugs
1.2神經營養假說(neurotrop hin hypothesis)
臨床觀察發現海馬體和大腦皮層某些部分的萎縮與抑郁癥發病有明顯的關聯,負責神經發生、營養和重塑的腦源性神經營養因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor)的不足和代謝紊亂是導致抑郁癥發病的重要機理[15-17]。研究表明,直接將腦源性神經營養因子灌注到動物受體的海馬體和大腦前額皮層區域可以產生明顯的抗抑郁作用[18];另一方面,剔除掉腦源性神經營養因子或者該因子受體的動物,其大腦中樞神經元的增殖、發生、成熟、分化和凋亡等過程會出現明顯異常,產生抑郁的癥狀,且干擾抗抑郁劑的起效[19-21]。新近研究證明,經典的單胺類抗抑郁藥物同樣具有提高中樞神經系統腦源性神經營養因子水平的效果,說明該效果可能在抗抑郁療效中發揮重要作用[22-24]。
1.3應激假說(stress hypothesis)
應激,指機體受到應激因子(stress or)刺激后,在沒有發生特異的病理性損害前所產生的一系列非特異性應答反應。該假說主要涉及下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸的激活,包括釋放促腎上腺皮質激素激素調節內分泌系統,引發機體交感神經興奮,血糖與血壓升高等反應[25]。應激因子可以是生理因素,也可以是心理因素。近年來大量研究證明,長期應激壓力帶來的炎癥和氧化應激誘導中樞系統神經元損傷等是導致抑郁癥發病的重要機制之一[26-30]。而具有抗炎和抗氧化活性的物質,尤其是其中能夠穿越血腦屏障進入大腦中樞神經系統直接發揮作用,或者能夠間接降低大腦炎癥因子和氧化應激水平而起作用的活性物質,則具有重要的開發潛力[31-35]。
學科核心素養是學科育人的集中體現,是學生通過學科學習而逐步形成的正確價值觀念、必備品格和關鍵能力。語文學科核心素養是學生在積極的語言實踐活動中積累與構建起來,并在真實的語言運用情境中表現出來的語言能力及其品質;是學生在語文學習中獲得的語言知識與語言能力,思維方法與思維品質,情感、態度與價值觀的綜合體現。主要包括“語言建構與運用”“思維發展與提升”“審美鑒賞與創造”“文化傳承與理解”四個方面。那么,如何通過語文教學提升學生的語文學科素養呢?筆者認為,閱讀和表達能力的培養是提升學生語文學科素養的根本途徑和基本手段。
2.1維生素
2.1.1VC
VC是水溶性維生素,是一種重要的膳食抗氧化劑,外觀為無色結晶,酸性,沒有氣味,主要分布在新鮮水果和蔬菜中,如橙子、檸檬、草莓、芒果、菠蘿、西紅柿和西蘭花等[36-37]。早期臨床觀察發現,靜脈注射高劑量的VC(50mg/(kg·d))可以舒緩兒童由促腎上腺皮質激素導致的抑郁癥狀[38]。Brody[39]觀察發現,VC對健康的成人也有一定的情緒改善效果。進一步研究發現,抑郁癥患者血液VC含量((0.37±0.14)mg/100mL)要低于健康人群((0.65±0.06)mg/100mL),證明了VC缺乏與抑郁癥發病之間的緊密聯系。盡管近年來相關研究不斷深入,關于VC抗抑郁的機理目前還不夠清晰,可能涉及多條機制路徑。Binfaré等[40]研究表明,灌胃1mg/kg劑量以上的VC可以通過調控中樞神經單胺類神經遞質路徑,在小鼠懸尾行為模型中體現出抗抑郁的作用。Moretti等[41]研究認為,VC可以調控由環境壓力導致的中樞神經氧化應激系統的異常,進而平復相應的抑郁癥狀。另一方面,VC還是一種重要的輔酶,參與中樞神經系統由酪氨酸到去甲腎上腺素的代謝過程[42](圖2),會對大腦的情緒調節有一定影響。目前認為,科學合理地補充VC對于抵御抑郁的發生與減緩癥狀具有積極作用。除生食蔬菜水果外,目前在市面上較為普遍的VC營養素補充劑也是方便的膳食補充途徑,多以泡騰片、咀嚼片和沖劑的形式存在。

圖2由酪氨酸合成兒茶酚胺的過程Fig.2Synthesis process from tyrosine to catecholamine
2.1.2B族維生素
目前已知的B族維生素超過12種,其膳食來源也十分廣泛,涉及豆類、動物肝臟、食用菌類和堅果類等食品。B族維生素大多都是重要的輔酶,在人體內廣泛參與調控各類生物代謝過程。VB1,又稱硫胺素,參與乙酰輔酶A合成,具有十分重要的神經保護作用,缺乏會導致腳氣病、失語癥、色覺障礙和視力喪失等癥狀。VB3,又稱煙酸或尼克酸,參與色氨酸的代謝過程,進而影響到5-羥色胺的水平,缺乏會導致疲勞倦怠、皮炎、癡呆和神經炎癥等癥狀[43-44]。VB6,又稱吡哆醇,參與生成5-羥色胺、多巴胺和去甲腎上腺素,過量攝入會導致神經系統紊亂和肢體麻痹等癥狀[45]。葉酸,是一種水溶性維生素,主要存在于蔬菜中,如菠菜、蘆筍、甘藍和小白菜等,其直接參與合成5-羥色胺、兒茶酚胺和褪黑素,在中樞神經系統中發揮重要作用,孕婦在懷孕期間如缺乏葉酸會直接影響胎兒神經系統的發育。自1998年起,美國食品藥品監督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)已強制規定在谷物食品中強化葉酸,每1kg谷物食品強化1.4mg葉酸[46-48]。近年來的動物模型和臨床觀察研究發現,葉酸具有良好的抗抑郁作用,涉及多條神經調控機制路徑(表2)。目前國內市場上常見的口服葉酸補充片劑,是經由國家食品藥品監督管理總局(State Food and Drug Administration,SFDA)批準的預防胎兒先天性神經管畸形適應癥的藥物,是針對孕婦的口服預防用非處方藥品,而非保健食品。因為B族維生素種類繁多,且生理功能相互交叉,目前市面上多以復合VB營養補充劑的形式存在,屬于營養素補充劑類保健食品范疇。Lewis等[49]新近研究表明,服用復合B族維生素營養補充劑30d以上可以有效改善抑郁癥患者癥狀。這一成果為更具目的性的個性化復合維生素補充劑的開發提供了新的思路。

表2葉酸在動物實驗和臨床研究中的抗抑郁效果Table2Animal model and clinical studies showing the effects of folic acid on depressionssion
2.1.3VE
VE是脂溶性維生素,又稱生育酚,在植物油如菜籽油、芝麻油、豆油、玉米油和向日葵油等以及堅果如榛子和松子中含量較為豐富[58]。VE在人體內最顯著的生理功能是抗氧化與抗炎作用[59],其中對中樞神經系統的作用包括改善認知和記憶力[60-61]、舒緩焦慮[62]、抵御阿茲海默癥[63]和帕金森癥[64]等。近年來,VE抗抑郁作用的研究在逐漸增多,涉及功效機理方面的研究不斷深入(表3)。目前市面上的VE補充產品主要有兩類:一是經VE強化的植物油和早餐谷物;二是VE軟膠囊,屬于營養素補充劑類保健食品范疇。

表3VE在動物模型和臨床研究中的抗抑郁效果Table3Animal model and clinical studies showing the effects of Table3Animal model and clinical studies showing the effects of vitamin E on depressionssion
2.2礦物質
2.2.1鋅
鋅是一種十分重要的微量元素,人體內有超過300種酶需要依靠其發揮作用[72],主要的膳食來源包括牡蠣及其他貝類、魚蝦類、肉類和蛋類等[73]。鋅在中樞神經中含量豐富,維持著重要的生理平衡(圖3),發揮著十分關鍵的神經生理學作用,已有大量文獻論述[74-75]。長期以來,關于鋅的抗抑郁作用已有大量文獻總結,但因其神經生理學活性涉及廣泛,目前尚未有明確的抗抑郁作用機理,圖4描述了已知的3條可能的作用機制與路徑,涉及了對天冬氨酸系統的抑制,對腦源性神經營養因子系統和5-羥色胺系統的強化[76-78]。目前市面上補鋅保健食品以葡萄糖酸鋅類產品為主,形式主要為片劑、口服液和營養強化鹽,主要作用于青少年因缺鋅引起的營養不良和厭食癥等癥狀,雖屬于保健食品范疇,但受眾針對性明顯。實際上,即使是兒童,只要合理膳食不過分挑食,鋅的攝入一般是充足的,健康成年人基本不需要特別補充鋅元素,相應的營養補充劑類產品較少。

圖3神經元細胞中參與調節ZnZn2+2+生理平衡的路徑和系統[74]74Fig.3P athways and systems regulating Zn2+homeostasis in neu rons[74]

圖4鋅可能的抗抑郁機理[77]77Fig.4Possible mechanisms of the antidepressant action of zinc[77]77
2.2.2鎂
鎂是一種重要的常量元素,在人體內以其為輔酶的酶有近300種[79]。富含鎂的食物有綠色葉菜類蔬菜、海帶、芝麻、杏仁、黑巧克力和豆類等,盡管膳食來源廣泛,鎂缺乏現象依然十分常見。在美國,有近六成成年人每天不能保證攝入推薦量的鎂[80]。鎂在人體內維持著重要的生理平衡,缺乏將導致炎癥和氧化應激以及由此引發的神經疾病的發生(圖5)。其中,鎂與抑郁癥的聯系已有大量文獻論述總結,近年來的研究表明,膳食鎂的攝入量與抑郁癥發病率存在直接反相關的關系,同時鎂還具有一定改善抑郁癥狀的作用,與其參與的體內氧化應激平衡具有重要關系[81-82]。一般而言,膳食鎂的攝入量是充足的,因此市面上單獨補充營養素鎂的產品較為少見,多為鈣鎂搭配補充,以補鈣為主的產品,如各種鈣鎂補充片劑。

圖5鎂缺乏與炎癥、氧化應激以及神經疾病的關系[80]80Fig.5Relationships among magnesium de?ciency,in?ammatory and oxidative stress,and neurological diseases[80]
2.2.3硒
硒是一種人體必需的微量元素,主要膳食來源是肉類和蛋類食品,其在這些食品中的含量受動物飼養方式和環境條件影響明顯[83]。硒的主要生理功能是作為關鍵組分構成硒蛋白,后者可以是十分重要的酶類,如谷胱甘肽過氧化酶、甲狀腺素脫碘酶和硒代磷酸鹽合成酶,也可以單獨存在于心肌和骨骼肌中發揮抗氧化和抗炎的作用[84-85]。研究表明,含硒活性分子與神經系統疾病包括癲癇、帕金森癥和阿茲海默癥有密切的聯系[86],關注其與抑郁癥狀的研究近年來有長足發展,代表成果見表4。不同于其他的必需微量元素,硒在膳食中的含量受地域環境因素影響十分明顯,總體而言我國的人群多處于缺硒的狀態。近年來,隨著補硒的概念不斷被提及,相應的富硒食品特色農業在我國蓬勃發展。市面上已有如富硒茶、富硒肉禽、富硒食用菌和富硒醬油等各色產品,可以滿足各類人群的補硒需求[87]。

表4 硒在動物模型和臨床研究中的抗抑郁效果Table4Animal model and clinical studies showing the effects of selenium on depressionssion
2. 3 ω-3脂肪酸
ω-3脂肪酸是一類多不飽和脂肪酸,常見的有α-亞麻酸(α-linolenic acid,α-ALA),二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)。前者在植物油中,如亞麻籽油中含量豐富;后兩者富含于深海魚油中。研究表明,ω-3脂肪酸可以改善健康人群的記憶力和反應力[94],降低阿茲海默癥的發病率[95],以及患抑郁癥的風險[96]。近年來有大量關于ω-3脂肪酸抗抑郁效果的研究報道,研究表明其可能的抗抑郁機理有:1)影響蛋白的磷酸化;2)調控蛋白激酶C的活性;3)調控中樞神經5-羥色胺和多巴胺水平;4)抗炎與抗氧化作用;5)提高神經元細胞的發生與塑性[97-101]。因為其顯著的抗冠心病和抗中風作用,ω-3脂肪酸的營養補充產品在市場上需求旺盛,較為成熟的有亞麻籽油和深海魚油兩大類產品[102]。
2.4色氨酸
色氨酸是人類9種必需氨基酸之一,需靠膳食補充,主要來源有大豆、小米、肉類和奶類,具有十分重要的生理學功能。作為5-羥色胺的主要膳食前體物質,色氨酸在抗抑郁方面的作用一直為人們所重視。研究發現膳食色氨酸缺乏會導致抑郁癥發病率的上升[103],以及已有抑郁癥狀的加劇[104]。自19世紀60年代開始,大量的案例表明通過補充色氨酸可以發揮一定的改善抑郁癥狀和提高藥物治療效果的作用[105-106],但到目前為止,其效果在臨床尚未得到確認[107]。氨基酸作為人體重要的組成部分,應該盡量避免補充不當可能導致的其他營養素代謝異常,均衡與適量是關鍵。
2.5植物黃酮
蔬菜與水果食品是構成健康膳食必不可少的組成部分,其中一個重要原因是它們可以提供大量的膳食黃酮。目前已知的黃酮類化合物有6000多種,按照結構可以大體分為六大類,見圖6。黃酮類化合物在神經生理學上的重要作用一直以來受到廣泛關注,焦點包括降低神經細胞損傷、減少神經炎癥發生、以及提高認知和記憶力[108]。其中黃酮類化合物自身所具有的抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒、抗癌和抗過敏等生理功能發揮了重要作用[109],此外討論較多的兩條神經生理學活性作用路徑包括:1)作為神經遞質分子的類似物激發整條信號路徑,或者引發下游的一些蛋白激酶和脂質激酶的級聯反應,如通過激活磷酸肌醇-3激酶、胞外信號調節蛋白激酶1/2和Akt/蛋白激酶路徑促進神經元細胞的發生與分化,通過抑制c-Jun氨基末端激酶和p38路徑減少神經元細胞的凋亡[110](圖7);2)提高外圍系統和大腦的血液通量,促進中樞神經血管新生,強化營養輸送。

圖6黃酮類化合物的結構Fig.6Structures of flavonoids

圖7黃酮參與調節神經元細胞中的信號路徑[110]110Fig.7Overview of signal ing pathways mediated by flavonoids in neurons[110]
總體而言,一直以來關于黃酮類化合物的抗抑郁作用,構效關系以及協同作用方面的研究,包括相關的臨床研究都比較少,近年來才有了一定的發展。目前已知的具有顯著抗抑郁作用的黃酮類化合物及主要的膳食植物來源見表5。此外,近年來還出現了大量關于膳食植物總黃酮混合物具有抗抑郁作用的報道,如可可豆[111]、石榴[112]、秋葵[113]、紅景天[114]和藏紅花[115]等。目前認為,補充抗抑郁植物黃酮應以功能成分與量效關系較為清晰的天然植物提取物制備的膳食營養補充劑為主,目前該類產品尚處于開發階段,市面上還沒有相應的成熟產品可供選擇。近年來隨著該領域引起越來越多人的注意,學術領域的研究不斷深入,在我國是一個植物醫藥文化源遠流長的國度的大背景下,可以預想該類產品將更受大眾的偏愛,具有廣闊的發展前景。

表5黃酮類化合物在動物模型中的抗抑郁效果Table5Animal model studies showing the effects of flavonoids on depression
抑郁癥嚴重危害著個人生活以及公共安全,值得全社會給予高度關注。作為一種情感障礙類疾病其具有潛伏期長、發病突然、難根除和易反復等特點,這給科學診斷與治療帶來了困難與挑戰。目前,與一些發達國家相比,我國對于抑郁癥的防治重視還不夠,全社會對舒緩抑郁癥狀的關注不足,多是在患者臨床發病后才采取副作用強烈的藥物或物理治療手段,給很多患者及其家庭造成了巨大痛苦。國內的抗抑郁營養保健食品概念尚處于醞釀階段,基本在依據傳統中醫理念研發和營銷,這類產品既缺乏確切的現代科學研究證據,對其中的關鍵功能成分、構效和量效關系以及協同關系方面探討不足,又對中醫倡導的因人不同和因病狀而異概念把握不足,即對目標人群的選擇與針對性欠缺,導致整體產品素質一般,且可能具有潛在的不良風險。我國具有悠久的食補養生文化,膳食資源豐富,深化對其中抗抑郁營養因子的研究,理清關鍵營養因子和作用機理,并開發出相應的營養補充食品,是拓展符合時代需要的新的保健食品領域的重要一步,具有廣闊的研發前景。
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Progress in Food Antidepressant Nutritional Factors
DU Bingjian1,TANG Xiaoshuang1,ZHAI Xiaona1,2,LIU Fei1,3,LENG Xiaojing1,3,*
(
1.College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering,China Agricultural University,Beijing100083,China;2.Beijing Chocolat Coffee Co.Ltd.,Beijing100085,China;3.Beijing Innovation Team of Technology System in Dairy Industry,Beijing100102,China)
Depression is one of the dangerous epidemic diseases all over the world.Its pathogenic mechanisms mainly refer to the monoamine neurotransmitter system disorders,neurotrophic factor deficiency and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stress system disorders.Most current clinical treatments are often reported to have undesirable side effects,and thus the development of the nutritional foods with antidepressant function becomes necessary.This paper reviews the recent progress in antidepressant nutritional factors(and/or functional factors),mechanisms and nutritional supplements.
anti-depression;nutritional factor;action mechanism;nutritional supplement
TS218
A
1002-6630(2015)05-0212-09
10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201505040
2014-04-22
國家自然科學基金面上項目(31171771);“十二五”國家科技支撐計劃項目(2011BAD23B04)
杜秉健(1985—),男,博士研究生,研究方向為食品化學與營養。E-mail:dbj8541@163.com
冷小京(1966—),男,教授,博士,研究方向為可食用膜及微膠囊科學。E-mail:lengxiaojingcau@163.com