姚立春++譚學留++秦玉貴
摘要 總結了聊城市東昌府區冬小麥機收損失的原因,包括機械老化、機手不熟練;收割機跨區作業引起空間分布不均勻,從而導致麥稈過干、籽粒含水量過低,引起掉籽;麥收時期天氣不穩定農戶搶收,空氣濕度不適宜等,并提出了解決辦法,以實現冬小麥的豐產豐收。
關鍵詞 冬小麥;機械化收獲;損失原因;解決辦法;山東聊城;東昌府區
中圖分類號 S233.72 文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 1007-5739(2015)17-0079-01
Harvest Mechanization Loss Causes of Winter Wheat and Solution Methods of Dongchangfu District in Liaocheng City
YAO Li-chun TAN Xue-liu QIN Yu-gui
(Agriculture Bureau of Dongchangfu District of Liaocheng City in Shandong Province,Liaocheng Shandong 252000)
Abstract Winter wheat harvest mechanization loss causes of Dongchangfu District in Liaocheng City were summarized,including mechanical aging,not skilled tractor driver,uneven distribution of space caused by inter-district homework of harvester,resulting in straw dry,the grain moisture content was too low to cause off seed,farmers rushed in the harvest period because the weather was not stable,air humidity was not suitable etc.Solution methods were proposed to achieve the high yield and bumper harvest of winter wheat.
Key words winter wheat;machinery harvest;loss causes;solution methods;Liaocheng Shandong;Dongchangfu District
聊城市東昌府區居魯西,臨黃河,是市委、市政府唯一的駐地區。全區轄7個鎮、5個街道辦事處、2個工業園區,總面積829.46 km2,人口88.64萬人,耕地面積5.41萬hm2,其中冬小麥種植面積4.03萬hm2,年產量達26.7萬t。
近幾年來,為了提高農業機械化水平,東昌府區制定了促進全區農業機械化發展的有關財政、金融、基礎設施建設等方面的扶持政策;認真落實農機購置補貼政策,積極爭取國家和省農機補貼項目和資金。目前,全區的冬小麥機械化收獲面積已占種植面積的99%以上,走在全省、全國前列,為夏糧豐產后的豐收提供了強有力的生產力支撐。但是隨著機械化收獲的普及,近幾年,在小麥收獲時出現了掉粒的現象,并且有加重的趨勢,有的地塊小麥落到大田里的達到近750 kg/hm2,有的地塊落粒更多,落粒的面積已占到冬小麥種植面積的10%左右,也就是約4 000 hm2,按損失225 kg/hm2計算,全區每年在機械收獲上的損失就達到900 t,這在一定程度上影響了該區冬小麥的總產量。
1 產生損失的原因
一是機械老化,如密封處不嚴造成跑糧;……