◎雞西市第九中學 赫貴祥
淺談中考英語閱讀理解的解題策略
◎雞西市第九中學 赫貴祥
從各地市2015年的英語中考試題來看,閱讀理解仍是中考英語的測試重點,也是中考英語試題中卷面分值最高的一種題型,在試卷中約占30%的比例。這類題型要求答題者通過閱讀英語短文(圖表)掌握其大意,并獲取其中的某些主要信息,然后根據題目要求完成選擇答案、判斷正誤、回答問題或完成短文等具體任務,以考查學生的理解、分析、判斷、推理、概括和表達等綜合運用英語的能力。
與平常的閱讀有所不同,中考英語閱讀理解對考生來說是一種功利性閱讀,能否及時準確地完成答題而獲得分數對考試成敗起著決定性作用,是名副其實“拉開檔次”的題目,因而它是眾多考生比較擔憂的題型。那么,如何做好英語閱讀理解的教學呢?本文擬結合我省各地市近幾年的英語中考試題,并結合自身的畢業班英語教學經驗談一點兒個人的看法:
1.信息數量。中考英語試卷中的閱讀短文(圖表)有4~5篇,短文的信息量都比較充足,長度大約在150~250詞左右,要求閱讀速度平均為40~50 Wpm(word per minute)左右。
2.難易程度。所選短文在語法、句型等方面的難易程度和初中畢業年級教材中的課文基本相同,短文(圖表)中的生詞量控制在1%左右(由構詞法形成的詞不計為生詞)。短文中盡量避免出現過多的漢語釋義,每篇短文所注釋的詞語一般不超過3個。
3.題材定位。閱讀理解的題材比較廣泛,所選短文(圖表)原汁原味、趣味真實、時效性強、接近生活,避開那些流傳已久或人所共知的材料。內容可包羅萬象,如有關動植物、人物傳記、歷史、文化、環境、資源、交通、醫學、經濟、信息、人生等。但總體上說,其題材主要集中在科普知識、社會文化、經濟生活和理想信念等幾大方面。
4.材料體裁。材料的體裁可以多種多樣,既包括記敘文,說明文、議論文、應用文,也包括圖表等。每套試題往往有一篇考查特定信息能力的廣告、公告類材料,也可選用科普、新聞等體裁內容,同卷中幾篇閱讀材料的體裁盡量不重復或少重復。
A.敘述文。敘述文一般以講述個人生活經歷為主,對于經歷的陳述通常由一定的時間概念貫穿其中,或順序或倒序。但一般不出現單純性的敘述文,大多是夾敘夾議的短文。
B.說明文(描述文)。說明文的一般結構模式和敘述文的結構模式有相同之處,即提出問題(或以一個事例引出問題)——發現直接原因——分析深層原因——得出結論或找到基本出路。
C.議論文。作者首先提出一種普遍認可的觀點或某些人認可的主張,然后進行澄清,說明自己的主觀看法,或者提出反主張和真實情況等。議論文的這種結構特點決定了它的主要題型是作者觀點態度題、文章主旨題以及推理判斷題。
D.應用文(圖表)。應用文的具體內容包括書信、電子郵件、日記、廣告、倡議書等。有時也出現涉及海報、通知等內容的圖片題或體現某種說明、報告等內容的表格題,這類體裁多以閱讀選答案的題型出現。
1.主旨大意題。指的是針對短文(圖表)的主要內容、中心意思、內在關系等設置的題目,答案涉及短文(圖表)的中心大意、標題結論和綜合概括等。如短文首尾兩段的內容表達是一致的,其主旨便是兩段重復表明的語句內容。如果首尾段的主要內容不一致,則須根據段落篇幅量的傾向確定主旨段落。如果短文只有一段,則首句及尾句多為確定主旨句的內容。對于原材料是圖表閱讀題,其主旨內容往往取決于圖片或表格的中心思想。例如:
①

Young Mao Zedong A Bite of China(舌尖上的中國)Itis one ofthe bestchildren’s cartoons.Itnotonly can make the chil dren laugh,but also teach them how to be a great man. Channel(頻道):CCTV-6 Time:9:00a.m.on Saturday Hey!Old Man(嘿!老頭)It’s about a moving(感人的)TV play oflove—the love for the old and the family. You can enjoy the wonderful performances(表演)of Li Xuejian,Huang Lei and Song Jia. Channel:CCTV-1 Time:8:00p.m.from Monday to Friday It’s a documentary on Chinese dishes.It can help people in the world enjoy the beauty of Chinese dishes and learn Chinese cultures. Channel:CCTV-9 Time:10:00p.m.on Friday Where Are We Going,Dad? It is about how modern Chinese parents look after and get a long with theirkids. Channel:Hunan TV Time:10:00p.m.on Friday
58.What’sthe theme(主題)of Hey!Old Man?(2015年綏化市)
A.Love. B.Food. C.Famous persons.
解析:本題是通過表格形式設計的海報,旨在考查學生英語閱讀能力的同時,也讓他們了解一些常見應用文體的寫作形式。
A。第三幅圖的標題是“Hey!Old Man”,根據該圖中
的第一個句子“It’s abouta moving(感人的)TV play of love—the love for the old and the family.”足可以說明,這是介紹一部關于愛情主題電視劇的海報。
②You want to know about my staying in America, right?Well,to tellyou the truth,itis really an eye-opening experience.
Ididn’tknow how differenttextbook English could be from everyday English until I came to Hotchkiss School, Connecticut.When I first studied English,I was told to say“I am fine”when people say“How are you?”.But in the US,Ifound thatpeople say“Iam good”or“I’m tired”.One day,someone greeted me with“What’s up?”.It made me confused.I thought for a momentand then smiled because I didn’tknowwhatto say.
From thatmomenton,Ihave discovered more and more differences between Chinese and US cultures.
To my surprise,US girls spend a lot of time in the burning sun to geta tan(曬黑).However,in China,girls try every possible way to gettheirskin paleror“whiter”.
I am also surprised by how hard-working US students are.In China,schoolwork is almost everything,so we study hard and that’s it.But here,a“good”student gets good grades,does a lot for the public and plays sports or music. The kids here are so talented.I am starting to be sorry that I gave up playing the piano when Iwas a child and that Ihave neverthoughtaboutsports.
45.The passage is mainly about__________.(2014年大慶市)
A.my own travelin the US
B.my staying in the US
C.my opinion aboutthe US
D.my friends in the US
解析:本題通過作者在美國的一段經歷敘述,介紹了一些西方文化情況。此題的選取目的是讓學生接觸更多的西方文化內容,從而了解中西方文化的差異。
B。從局部看,A,C,D也許不算錯,但從全局看卻又片面,因此選擇B項。此類題大多數針對段落(或短文)的主題、主題思想、標題或目的而設計的。
③People play Latin music at home or when they visit their friends.Sometimes fans play cards in the afternoon or at nighton weekends orholidays while they listen to Latin music.Some people bring guitars and play them when they sing. They listen to the music while they eat.

?
(2015年齊齊哈爾市)

?
解析:本文是一段說明性質的短文,主要介紹了人們演奏拉丁音樂的時間、對象等一些情況,旨在讓學生了解有關音樂的簡單常識。
F。這是一道對主旨大意進行概括歸納的考題,即為主旨句的壓縮表達。這里主要根據原句中的幾個關鍵語句visit their friends,in the afternoon,at night,when they sing,while they eat足可以說明,其表達的是“演奏或收聽拉丁音樂的時間”。
2.事實細節題。查找短文(圖表)中主要的事實和特定的細節問題,考查答題者對關鍵詞句、具體事實、特定情節或真實數字等是否注意和理解,命題內容一般涉及我們平常所說的五個“W(who,where,what,when, why)”和一個“H(How)”。這類題目有時可在原材料中直接找到與答案相關的內容,但有時也對原句中的細微之處稍做變化,或截取原材料中的詞語或結構進行改造,所以正確理解題干和信息句的意義是非常關鍵的。例如:
①Some time ago,an old businessman had a large store in Boston.He wanted a boy to work for him,and he put an advertisement in the newspaper.The next morning,many boys came to the old man’s office,asking forthe job.
There was a post(柱子)by his desk,and there was a nail(釘子)in it.He took a walking stick and said,“Everyone has three chances.Ifanyone can hitthe nailon the head with this stick more than once,I willgive him the job.”The boys thought it was easy.They all tried,but nobody could make it.So the old man said,“I’m sorry Ican’ttake any of you.”And they left.
He kept the advertisement in the paper,and the next morning many more boys came,and among them he saw a thin boy who had been there the day before.The boy hit the nail successfully for three times.The old man felt surprised and asked how he did that.“Yes,”said the boy,“I failed yesterday,but I thought that if I kept on trying a while,I could do it.So Iwent home and practiced hitting a nailwith a stick till Icould do it,and Igotup very early this morning, and tried again.”
The old man said,“You are the boy for me.”And he gave him the job.Whatever the boy had to do,he tried to do his best.Itwas notvery long before he became the bestclerk in the store.
76.Whatcould theyusetohitthenail?(2015年雞西市)
解析:這是一個故事,作者選取本文的目的是要告訴人們:世上無難事,只怕有心人。
Awalking stick/Astick。根據第二自然段就可以知道,他們可以使用手杖來撞擊柱子上的這個釘子。
②

Instruction This medicine is for colds. Adults should take 2 pills each time,three times a day. Chil dren should take 1 pill each time,three times a day. Sale T-shirts for teenagers,cut off by 10%each one;sports shoes,cut offby 30%each pair. Call at 3796174 for more informatio n.
69.Alice wants to buy sports shoes forherself.the price is 100 yuan.she should only pay_______yuan for them.(2015年黑河市)
A.thirty B.sixty C.seventy
解析:本題是一道圖表題,選取本材料的目的是讓學生接觸現實生活中常見的廣告形式,了解一些購物常識。
C。根據“Sale”欄中的內容“sports shoes,cutoffby 30%each one”可知,運動鞋削價30%出售。原價100元的鞋,花70元就可以買到了。
③Good morning,ladies and gentlemen.I’m here today to share(分享)a good lesson with you.Itis a true story about an overseas studentliving in Germany.
Afteryears ofhard work,this studentgraduated with amazing achievements.Everyone thoughthe was going to get a good job easily and have a bright future.But to his disappointment,he was noteven given the chance ofan interview! The third time he was refused,he couldn’thelp telephoning the company to ask why they didn’t want him.The answer was simple,“We don’t offer jobs to dishonest people in Germany.”
What was wrong,you might ask?The truth is,shortly after he arrived in Germany,this clever studentfound thatit was easy to skip(跳過)buying subway tickets.So in orderto save money,he often took the subway without a ticket.As a result,he had been caught without a ticket in the subway fourtimes.
From this story,we learn that we may get short term benefits in dishonestways,butthe truth willcome outsooner orlater(遲早)and the costis high.So remember:honesty is the bestrule.
That’s allformy speech.Thank you!
62.After he didn’t get any chance of an interview,he felt_________.(2014年牡丹江市)
A.happy B.scared C.disappointed
解析:這是一篇故事,選取本文的目的是讓人們知道:我們不要存有僥幸心理,誠實才是上策。
C。這是根據原文句子“Butto disappointment,he was noteven given the chance ofan interview!”改造而來的題目,只要理解該句的意思就可以確認正確答案為disappointed了。
3.詞義猜測題。要求考生根據上下文的具體語境確定某一特定的詞或短語的準確含義,所考查單詞的意義通常要超出考試大綱的范圍。除了運用構詞法、同義詞、反義詞以及各種生活常識來猜測詞意外,更要依據被猜詞匯前后緊密相連的其他詞句,也包括破折號、括弧等釋義或同位標點符號和列舉比較、因果遞進、主從復合、讓步轉折等各種關系來進行猜測分析。答案的干擾項往往是考生比較熟悉的意思,而須要猜測的詞在具體語言環境中已經被賦予了特定的新含義,稍有不慎便會犯“想當然”的機械主義錯誤。例如:
①Tom was a college student.He often made excuses not to attend classes.Also,he spent much of his free time playing computer games.He never went to the library to study.
How time flew!At the end of the term,there was one important event that he was afraid of—the final exam.“What should I do?”Tom walked up and down in the room the day before the exam.He was keyed up.Suddenly,he thoughtofan idea.
The next morning,Tom went into the exam room very early.He found a young man who looked so confident and took a seatnextto him.“Hey you!”Tom greeted.“What?”The young man asked.
“Can you do me a favor?”Tom begged(懇求),“Please letme copy yourpaper(試卷)during the exam.Ihave to depend on you!”When hearing his word,the young man just smiled butsaid nothing.
When the bell rang,the young man stood up immediately and came to the front,saying,“Now Iwillhand out(分發)the papers to all of you and collect them in one hour.”Tom satthere with his mouth wide open.
31.The underlined word“keyed up”most probably means______.(2015年哈爾濱市)
A.satisfied B.nervous C.brave
解析:這是一段反應學生學習生活的一個片段,選取這段短文的目的是告訴學生:學習是一件扎扎實實的事情,平時不努力而靠臨時的投機取巧是不可取的。
B。根據原文中語境和句子“Atthe end ofthe term, there was one importanteventthathe was afraid of—the finalexam.”可猜測出,在考試之前Tom的心情一定是“緊張不安的”。
4.推理判斷題。要求考生在理解原文表格或文字信息的基礎上,對材料的細節、主旨和隱含意義進行推理與延伸,然后作出一定的正誤判斷和后續的預想。正確答案在短文中不會有字面體現,必須從上下文中找到信息和依據。要聯系文章的主題思想和言外之意來加以分析判斷、歸納推理,做到既不脫離原文主觀臆斷,又不拘泥于字面理解。對已知的事實進行評價后所做的決定也并非唯一的定論,應該對事實進行合乎情理的分析與思考,有時還須要借助于常識知識進行判斷。例如:
①Foreign books and soap operas are good,but Chinese writers and actors are just as good.As for holidays,Christmas is nice,but it can never have the meaning for Chinese that Spring Festival has,and the West has nothing to com-
pare with Mid-Autumn Festival.And let’s not forget the part of Chinese culture I like best:its friendliness.Not all countries are as warm as China.
61.The Spring Festivalis more meaningfulfor Chinese people.(2015年龍東地區)
解析:本段短文的選取旨在說明中外的文化,同時提醒大家:不要由于盲目追從西方的洋節日而忽視中國的節日,只有本土的才是最親切的。
T。原文第二自然段中提到了“As for holidays, Christmas is nice,but it can never have the meaning of for Chinese that Spring Festivalhas...”。根據這些敘述判斷,“對于中國人來說,春節更有意義。”的說法是成立的。
②
The Information about Some Great Inventions

InventionAppearing Time Inventor Inventor’s Nationality Early Main Material Wheel Afewthousand years ago Telephone In1876 Lightbulb In1879 Paper Around2,000yearsago Unknown Alexander Bell Thomas Edison CaiLun Unknown Wood American Chinese American Plastic and metal Used for communicating overdistances Glass and metal Main Use Making travelling faster Giving light Cotton orflax Used for recording information
Word Box:lightbulb燈泡;unknown未知的;flax亞麻
40.Which of the following is TRUE according to the form above?(2015年哈爾濱市)
A.Three ofthe inventions were made ofmetal.
B.Neither Alexander Bellnor Thomas Edison is Ameri can.
C.Two ofthe inventions appeared in the 19th century.
解析:本表格題的設計,目的是讓學生了解世界上一些重要發明的時間、發明人和主要用途等情況。
C。根據表格中發明項目的時間推算,應該有兩項發明出現在十九世紀,所以判斷出C項是正確的。
5.觀點態度題。作者的觀點、態度題就是指針對作者的寫作意圖、看法、思路和對事件的評價設置的閱讀理解題目。作者在文章中不僅客觀地進行敘述和說明,往往還持有某種主張、某種傾向,如對某一觀點或贊同或反對,或肯定或批評等。作者的觀點和態度除了原文中直接表達外,還經常在短文中間接地表達出來,此時題干中往往含有according to the writer,feel,attitude,opinion,believe,consider,regard,suggest,think等詞或短語。例如:
Ivy:Well.It’s just a waste of time.Teenagers playing the game spend so many hours on itthatthey can notfocus on(專注于)their study.
65.Ivy thinks teenagers shouldn’t spend much time playing this game.(2010年綏化市)
解析:這是一段論述性的小短文,選取本段話的宗旨是提醒青少年不要把更多的時間浪費在玩游戲上,要全力投入到學習當中。
T。本題所考查的是判斷觀點、態度是否符合原文大意。根據原文內容可知,Ivy認為這是一種時間的浪費,如果青少年在游戲方面花費太多時間會嚴重影響學習。
6.詞語填空題。要求能正確理解短文中的一些關鍵詞、短語或句子的含義,然后根據特定的語境判斷理解、推敲斟酌,最后利用多種表達句型、一詞多義、同近義語替換、習語釋義、構詞方法、語態轉換等方式,確定所填寫的單詞。這類題主要出現在“根據短文內容,完成短文”的題型中,其目的是考查考生的信息轉換能力。例如:
Once a farmer’s daughter began to think and plan while she was carrying her pail(桶)of milk from the field to the farmhouse.“Iwillsellthis milk”,she said to herself,“and with the money I can surely buy three hundred eggs.I will put these eggs under hens.And surly two hundred and fifty of them will hatch(孵化).I will feed these chickens,and make them fat.And I will take them to the marketwhen chickens are dear.Iwillsellthem atthe market,and with the money,Iwillbuy a newdress.In this dress, Iwillgo to the fair.Ishalllook so fine thatallthe young men will ask me to marry them.But I will toss my head,and say NOto them all.”As she said this,she really tossed her head. Down fell the pail,and the milk spilled all over the ground. Thatwas the end ofallherfine plans.
The moralofthis story is:Don’tcountyour chickens before they are hatched.
A farmer’s daughter was once carrying her pailofmilk on the farm(71)she began to think and plan.She planned to sell the milk and buy a new dress.She thought thatshe must(72)the men who fellin love with herwhen she(73)the new dress to the fair.(74)ofthis,she tossed herhead and the milk spilled allover the ground.Her fine plans were(75).
(2015年大興安嶺市)
解析:本短文的選取旨在通過這個故事,提醒同學們:凡事不要過早的盲目樂觀,只有見到結局才是最終
的效果。
71.when。利用同義轉換的方式得到答案。when意思是“當……時”。
72.refuse。根據句子“...and say NOto them all.”可以得到答案,因為refuse可以用英語解釋為say no。
73.wore。“...she wore the newdress to the fair.”是“in this dress”的同義句。
74.Thinking。think of意思是“想到這些”,與“As she said this”意思相近。
75.over/failed。根據語境分析,他的美好愿望會隨著牛奶的灑掉而“破滅”了。
基于不少考生對中考英語閱讀理解的畏懼心理,我們教師須要在日常的教學中不斷鼓勵考生端正心態,樹立信心,并針對中考英語閱讀理解攻堅事宜制定一套相應的專項學習計劃和訓練措施,明確各階段的閱讀目標。
閱讀目標的設計要從所在地市當年《中考英語考試說明》的具體內容出發,緊緊圍繞《英語課程標準》,緊扣所學教材,面向全體學生,遵循認知規律,把控閱讀難度?;A知識和閱讀能力要求明確,要融教育性、科學性、創新性與趣味性為一體。計劃內容和結構要與生活實際相關聯,選文題材廣泛,材料體裁多樣,知識系統連貫,題目設計合理。實施措施要有利于思維的啟發與拓展,能引導學生自覺參與,積極思維,形成良好的閱讀習慣,強化基本的閱讀技能,做到精讀巧練,講練結合,注重實效,從而促進學生閱讀能力的自我發展。
1.盡量排除心理障礙。提醒學生在做閱讀理解題時,不要因為自己掌握的詞匯量小,閱讀材料中有較多的“生詞”而對之望而生畏,造成緊張心理,導致越讀越慌,越慌越難的窘境,從而影響正常的閱讀和答題。
2.切忌心中沒有問題。做題之前要先看題干,弄清題目要求,然后帶著問題有目的地進行閱讀,這樣便于考生把握主攻方向,做到有的放矢。必要時可以邊閱讀邊選出考查表層情況問題的答案,從而提高閱讀效率及答題的準確性。
3.準確把握主旨大意。閱讀時切忌逐詞割裂地理解,或將無關的詞硬湊在一起理解,以致無法獲取句子語義及特定語境中篇章的意義,造成信息流中斷,曲解或偏離題意。
4.善于捕捉關鍵詞句。短文的第一句或最后一句往往是文章或段落的關鍵句或主題句,對全文的理解起著重要的作用。此外,要能夠聯系上下文,正確猜測關鍵詞義,做到讀了上文,猜測下文,而不要逐詞翻譯,造成前后脫節,缺乏語感,以致于出現對材料的整體理解錯誤。
5.認真提取細節信息。充分利用語篇中的文字或圖表形式等基本信息,準確地尋求具體事實和每個細節,進而理清全文的邏輯關系,弄懂作者的寫作意圖,挖掘字里行間的深層內涵,歸納出材料的主旨大意。
6.始終堅持依文取義。在完成選擇題目時,看其是否與文中內容相矛盾,有無文中信息的支持點,是否完全符合題目的要求。如果要求判斷其標題的話,要看文章表達的是人還是事,從而推斷其標題內容。答案的確定必須以材料整體為基礎,不要斷章取義和隨意聯想。
7.依據要點推測詞義。不要過分推敲材料中的語言點,要抓住每段乃至整篇文章的綱目,對于閱讀時所遇到的生詞,可以根據上下文的要點內容、語法規則、自然常識和閱讀經驗等進行分析判斷其意思。
8.注意中外文化差異。讓學生明確英語國家的文化背景、語言習慣、風土人情,從地道英語語言表達標準的角度搞好閱讀和答題,切不要以中國人的習慣去理解文章、闡述問題和表達思想。
9.靈活掌控答題時間。做閱讀理解題時,考生一定要從整體上控制時間,時間的分配應根據文章的難易程度而有所區別。文中一兩處沒弄懂的地方可以暫且放置一邊,等把全部題做完后,再回頭來處理。即使做完題后時間所剩無幾了,再把未處理的題的答案猜測一下也為時不晚。
10.復讀材料驗證答案。在完成全部閱讀理解的題目之后,考生應將答案帶入問題中重讀原文(圖表),看前后意思是否貫通,有無矛盾,若前后不一致或意思矛盾,則要考慮重新選擇答案。
1.抓好閱讀時間。利用平時的上課機會,每周安排一兩次限時閱讀訓練,此訓練主要在上課的開始幾分鐘完成。在課后,可以要求學生進行自我閱讀訓練,對練習的時間也要作出明確的規定。
2.留下閱讀痕跡。要求學生對每篇閱讀材料的題目答案都在短文(圖表)中畫出出處,或是在答案題目旁邊標注出原文中的行數和解答該題的理由。
3.理清解題思路。每次閱讀訓練都要突出體現目的性、針對性,注重答案的講解,讓學生明確尋找和得出每個答案的方法,做完題以后要請學生自己講出答案和解題思路。
4.精選閱讀材料。教師要按照《英語課程標準》的閱讀目標要求,并結合當地的《中考英語考試說明》,按照閱讀理解題的命題原則,嚴格把握好英語短文或圖表資料的選取尺度,既考慮材料的難易程度,也要照顧到題材、體裁和題型。
5.培養閱讀習慣。教師要隨時提醒學生克服閱讀時不必要的頭部轉動,或用手指或鉛筆逐個點詞等附帶動作,避免影響閱讀速度的朗讀。對原文不要逐詞地去看,要提倡以意群或句子為單位的默讀。要讓學生學會根據上下文猜測生詞的詞義,能夠直接用英語思維、記關鍵詞、提取主旨。
當然,閱讀理解能力的提高并非一日之功,扎實的語言知識來自于平時的不懈努力。只要我們教師能牢牢把握教學目標、認真研究命題規律、重視教學方法改革、嚴格進行閱讀訓練,使學生既夯實牢固的英語基礎,又掌握較為科學的解題技巧,就一定能從容面對英語閱讀理解當中的各種風云變化,在中考的攻堅戰中立于不敗之地!
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?編輯/丁俊玲