劉莉莉(綜述),黃敏麗(審校)
(1.柳州市工人醫院眼科,廣西 柳州 545005; 2.廣西醫科大學第一附屬醫院眼科,南寧 530021)
糖尿病黃斑水腫的治療現狀
劉莉莉1(綜述),黃敏麗2※(審校)
(1.柳州市工人醫院眼科,廣西 柳州 545005; 2.廣西醫科大學第一附屬醫院眼科,南寧 530021)
糖尿病黃斑水腫(diabetic macular edema,DME)嚴重損害糖尿病患者視力。其發病機制較為復雜,主要為黃斑區毛細血管周細胞和血管內皮細胞損傷、血視網膜屏障破裂、毛細血管擴張,液體和血漿成分自視網膜毛細血管內皮細胞及異常滲漏血管瘤滲出,導致視網膜水腫增厚,硬性滲出形成[1]。糖尿病患者中有10%~25%出現黃斑水腫,而患嚴重視網膜病變者伴DME比例較高[2]。DME治療包括控制內科基礎病及專科治療:激光光凝、手術治療、曲安奈德玻璃體腔注射、抗血管內皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)玻璃體腔注射。現對DME的治療現狀予以綜述。
1內科治療
DME病程越長,全身并發癥越重,預后越差,早期輕度的黃斑水腫可通過系統的內科治療控制,進展為彌漫性黃斑水腫時,視力損害較難恢復。Matsuda等[3]將接受抗VEGF治療的患者分成兩組,糖化血紅蛋白≤7%的患者經治療后,最佳矯正視力有顯著提高,糖化血紅蛋白>7%的患者視力則無明顯提高,治療期間,血糖控制較好的患者黃斑中心凹厚度明顯降低。
2激光光凝
激光長期以來作為糖尿病黃斑水腫的標準治療,包括氬激光、紅寶石激光、氪激光、多波長激光、摻釹釔鋁石榴石(Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet,ND:YAG)激光、閾下微脈沖半導體激光、帕斯卡(Pascal)激光器。激光治療主要通過凝固效應也即是熱效應,使缺血的區域成為瘢痕組織,新生血管因缺少充足的氧而消退,加強視網膜色素上皮細胞的交通作用,即激光破壞了感光細胞,從而減少了視網膜的耗氧量,減輕了內層視網膜的缺氧狀態,引起視網膜小動脈的收縮,靜脈壓減小從而減少細胞的水腫[3]。黃斑水腫的光凝分為局部光凝、黃斑部格柵光凝、改良的格柵光凝。根據激光波長不同,黃斑水腫激光首選黃激光,其次為綠激光。美國早期糖尿病視網膜病變治療研究組研究顯示,黃斑部格柵光凝使患者3年內中度視力喪失風險減少50%[4]。黃斑部激光光凝對嚴重的彌漫性黃斑水腫效果欠佳,特別是合并大量硬性滲出,激光不能提高視力,短期內會因血視網膜屏障破壞加重而使水腫加重,從而引起視力減退。現不斷有新的激光種類,據Lavinsky等[5]、Vujosevic等[6]報道閾下微脈沖半導體激光,閾下微脈沖半導體激光光凝時溫度低于氬激光、氪激光,減輕脈絡膜損害,保存病變表面一部分視網膜功能;Muqit等[7]報道近年來美國OptiMedia公司推出的Pascal激光器,發出的短脈沖將激光損害局限在視網膜色素上皮質。
3糖皮質激素治療
糖皮質激素通過淋巴細胞、巨噬細胞、多形核白細胞、血管內皮細胞、成纖維母細胞等發揮眼部抗炎作用,抑制磷脂釋放花生四烯酸,從而抑制由其轉化的炎性介質:前列腺素、前列腺過氧化物、白三烯、血栓素等,下調VEGF的水平,降低血管通透性,促進水腫液吸收,抑制上皮細胞的增生及新生血管的形成,從而改善血視網膜屏障,達到治療目的。
3.1曲安奈德玻璃體腔內注射Gillis等[8]將69眼(41例)納入一項5年隨機對照試驗研究,34眼接受曲安奈德玻璃體腔內注射(intravitreous injection triamcinolone acetonide,IVTA),35眼接受安慰劑治療。IVTA組經治療后42%患眼視力提高5行,相比之下安慰劑組只有32%患者眼有提高。激素眼內應用可引起高眼壓、加快白內障進展,玻璃體腔注藥可引起眼內炎、玻璃體出血、視網膜脫離等。Beck等[9]及Elman 等[10-11]研究表明,彌漫性黃斑水腫患者經激素治療后效果較好,眼壓升高和白內障的進展則較明顯。
3.2緩釋型玻璃體腔內植入物為提高眼內操作安全性,緩釋型玻璃體腔內植入物成為新的給藥途徑。它可減少玻璃體內腔注射次數,保持玻璃體腔內的藥物濃度,減少玻璃體腔內注射引起的術中、術后并發癥。
3.2.1緩釋型地塞米松植入物美國眼力健公司生產的緩釋型地塞米松植入物(地塞米松0.7 mg)作用時間可達6個月[12-13]。一項回顧性研究[14]顯示,9例持續黃斑水腫患者經地塞米松植入物治療,最佳矯正視力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)均有提高;Boyer等[15]研究表明,地塞米松植入物治療對已行玻璃體切割術的DME患者同樣有效。優點在于可自行眼內降解,避免再次手術。
3.2.2氟輕松非生物降解型給藥系統由美國博士倫公司生產,用25號針頭植入玻璃體腔,可存留3年之久。局限性為不能眼內降解,需手術取出。Campochiaro等[16-17]研究顯示,隨訪24個月及36個月時與假注射組相比,氟輕松治療組BCVA均有明顯提高,高眼壓和白內障的進展較假注射組明顯。
4抗VEGF
糖尿病患者眼內視網膜內VEGF水平明顯增加,促進血管內白細胞黏附,啟動炎癥反應,血管通透性增加,黃斑水腫。抗VEGF藥物有抗新生血管形成,減少滲出、減輕水腫,穩定及提高視力作用。目前常用的抗VEGF藥物有哌加他尼納、蘭尼單抗、貝伐單抗,阿柏西普。
4.1哌加他尼納哌加他尼納是一種核糖核受體,其特異性結合到VEGF-A165異構體(眼部主要的VEGF蛋白),是最早運用于DME治療的抗VEGF藥物。一項Macugen治療DME的隨機對照試驗[18]中提示,低濃度的Macugen(0.3 mg)治療較安慰劑對照組在BCVA和黃斑中心厚度上均有顯著提高,高濃度(1 mg、3 mg)與低濃度相比差異無統計學意義。另一項隨機對照試驗[19]中隨訪第54周,Macugen治療組患者視力提高較安慰劑組明顯,2年的隨訪期,Macugen治療組視力持續改善。其抗VEGF作用有限,價格高,目前應用較少。
4.2蘭尼單抗蘭尼單抗于2006年在美國上市。它是人源化的重組抗體片段(Fab,或結合抗體片段),可對抗所有VEGF亞型[20]。Massin等[21]研究中,第12個月時蘭尼單抗治療組BCVA明顯高于安慰劑組;Nguyen等[22-23]和Do等[24]的研究中蘭尼單抗組BCVA改善較激光組明顯,與聯合治療組相比差異無統計學意義。
4.3貝伐單抗貝伐單抗為全長的重組人源化重組抗體,對VEGF A亞型有效。在眼科新生血管性疾病如濕性年齡相關黃斑病變,中心性滲出性脈絡膜視網膜病變、變性近視黃斑區視網膜所形成的脈絡膜新生血管、新生血管性青光眼等方面應用越來越廣泛。Kook等[25]一個回顧性研究中,對慢性彌漫性黃斑水腫患者經24個月反復玻璃體腔內注射貝伐單抗后,水腫明顯改善,對慢性缺血性黃斑水腫患者亦有效。貝伐單抗有增加心血管風險,對于危重患者慎用。
4.4阿柏西普阿柏西普與VEGF-A亞型有更強親和力。眼內半衰期長。阿柏西普在治療年齡相關性黃斑病變時和蘭尼單抗療效相同[26]。一項雙盲隨機對照試驗Ⅱ期臨床試驗[27-28]中,將4種不同劑量、不同給藥次數的阿柏西普組和激光組做比較,24周時阿柏西普組的BCVA均有提高,52周時阿柏西普組BCVA仍有提高。
5手術治療
5.1玻璃體切除術學者認為由于玻璃體的機械作用和生理作用,增加血管的通透性,導致DME的發生、發展[29]。伴有玻璃體后脫離患者中DME的發生率低于無后脫離患者[30],自發玻璃體后脫離可使DME好轉[30-31]。玻璃體切除術解除玻璃體機械性牽引,視網膜通過玻璃體腔向缺血無灌注區運氧能力增強,提高含氧量,促進微血管收縮,減輕了水腫。手術適應證為玻璃體積血,增殖膜形成、彌漫性黃斑水腫,無法行視網膜光凝者; Kadonosono等[32]稱玻璃體切除術后增加黃斑中心凹毛細血管血流量。此外,去除玻璃體有助于減少眼內有毒物質及細胞因子,如組胺、自由基清除劑和VEGF[33]。
5.2視網膜內界膜剝離術糖尿病眼內界膜中的纖維連接蛋白、層粘連蛋白、膠原蛋白水平提高[34-35],視網膜內界膜剝離術作為一種治療黃斑裂孔新興方法,適用于玻璃體積血、光學相干斷層掃描或術中發現黃斑水腫的患者。玻璃體切除術聯合視網膜內界膜術療效顯著。一項研究報道玻璃體切割術并發癥:視網膜裂孔(9.6%),視網膜裂孔(9.6%),視網膜前膜(9%),視網膜脫離,新生血管性青光眼和虹膜紅變(各1.9%)[36]。
6聯合治療
聯合治療成為學者研究的方向。玻璃體腔內注射藥物聯合激光,可以有效減輕黃斑水腫,亦可減輕玻璃體腔內注射的風險。
6.1曲安奈德和激光的聯用Chung等[37]研究表明,相比單用IVTA治療,IVTA+黃斑部格柵光凝治療,極大地改善難治性黃斑水腫患者的視力,且并發癥更少。Aydin等[38]研究顯示,IVTA先或與黃斑部格柵光凝同時治療彌漫性黃斑水腫均較單獨黃斑部格柵光凝療效明顯。
6.2激光和抗VEGF藥物聯用Maia等[39]將激光和IVTA 聯合應用治療非增殖期糖尿病和彌漫性黃斑水腫,最佳矯正視力的提高和中心凹厚度、黃斑容積降低較單用光凝治療明顯。Gillies等[40]研究表明,聯合治療組患眼視力提高較單獨激光治療組明顯,但高眼壓及白內障進展較單獨激光組高。目前IVTA應用于人工晶體眼及曾行玻璃體切割術眼時,易引起眼壓的升高。Mitchell等[41]研究表明,IVR及激光的聯合組最佳矯正視力改善優于單用激光組。在之前Nguyen等[22-23]和Do等[24]研究顯示,IVTA組合與聯合組提高最佳矯正視力的差異無統計學意義,但聯合治療組最佳矯正視力及黃斑水腫均有改善,同時亦減少頻繁眼內注藥。
7結語
DME治療方法中,基礎病治療尤為重要。激光長期以來作為DME治療標準,近年來隨著對DME發病機制的研究進展,新的治療方法不斷出現,如玻璃體腔內注射糖皮質激素和抗VEGF治療,藥物的聯合治療或是激光和藥物的聯合治療,玻璃體切除術,這些方法各有優缺點。我國已進入老齡化社會,糖尿病患者日漸增多,需采取安全、經濟、有效方法預防和治療DME。
參考文獻
[1]張惠蓉.眼底病圖譜[M].北京:人民衛生出版社,2007:282-283.
[2]Klein R,Klein BE,Moss SE,etal.The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy:XVII.The 14-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy and associated risk factors in type 1 diabetes[J].Ophthalmology,1998,105(10):1801-1815.
[3]Matsuda S,Tam T,Sinqh RP,etal.The impact of metabolic parameters on clinical response to VEGF inhibitors for diabetic macular edema [J].Diabetes Complications,2014,28(2):166-170.
[4]No authors listed.Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema.Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report No 1.Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study research group[J].Arch Ophthalmol,1985,103(2):796-1806.
[5]Lavinsky D,Cardillo JA,Melo LA Jr,etal.Randomized clinical trialevaluating mETDRS versus normal or high-density micropulse photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2011,52(7):4314-4323.
[6]Vujosevic S,Bottega E,Casciano M,etal.Microperimetry and fundus autofluorescence in diabetic macular edema:subthreshold micropulse diode laser versus modified early treatment diabetic retinopathy study laser photocoagulation[J].Retina,2010,30(6):908-916.
[7]Muqit MM,Gray JC,Marcellino GR,etal.Barely visible 10 millisecond pascal laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema:observations of clinical effet and burn localization[J].Am Ophthalmol,2010,149(6):979-980.
[8]Gillies MC,Simpson JM,Gaston C,etal.Five-year results of a randomized trial with open-label extension of triamcinolone acetonide for refractory diabetic macular edema[J].Ophthalmology,2009,116(11):2182-2187.
[9]Beck RW,Edwards AR,Aiello LP,etal.Three-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing focal/grid photocoagulation and intravitreal triamcinolone for diabetic macular edema[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2009,127(3):245-251.
[10]Elman MJ,Aiello LP,Beck RW,etal.Randomized trial evaluating ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema[J].Ophthalmology,2010,117(6):1064-1077.
[11]Elman MJ,Bressler NM,Qin H,etal.Expanded 2-year follow-up of ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema[J].Ophthalmology,2011,118(4):609-614.
[12]Haller JA,Dugel P,Weinberg DV,etal.Evaluation of the safety and performance of an applicator for a novel intravitreal dexamethasone drug delivery system for the treatment of macular edema[J].Retina,2009,29(1):46-51.
[13]Chang-Lin JE,Attar M,Acheampong AA,etal.Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a sustained-release dexamethasone intravitreal implant[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2011,52(1):80-86.
[14]Zucchiatti I,Lattanzio R,Querques G,etal.Intravitreal dexamethasone implant in patients with persistent diabetic macular edema[J].Ophthalmologica 2012,228(2):117-122.
[15]Boyer DS,Faber D,Gupta S,etal.Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for treatment of diabetic macular edema in vitrectomized patients[J].Retina 2011,31(5):915-923.
[16]Campochiaro PA,Hafiz G,Shah SM,etal.Sustained ocular delivery of fluocinolone acetonide by an intravitreal insert[J].Ophthalmology,2010,117(7):1393-1399.
[17]Campochiaro PA,Brown DM,Pearson A,etal.Long-term benefit of sustained-delivery fluocinolone acetonide vitreous inserts for diabetic macular edema[J].Ophthalmology,2011,118(4):626-635.
[18]Cunningham ET Jr,Adamis AP,Altaweel M,etal.Aphase II randomized double-masked trial of pegaptanib,an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor aptamer,for diabetic macular edema[J].Ophthalmology,2005,112(10):1747-1757.
[19]Sultan MB,Zhou D,Loftus J,etal.A phase 2/3,multicenter,randomized,double-masked,2-year trial of pegaptanib sodium for the treatment of diabetic macular edema[J].Ophthalmology,2011,118(6):1107-1118.
[20]Ferrara N,Damico L,Shams N,etal.Development of ranibizumab,an antivascular endothelial growth factor antigen binding fragment,as therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration[J].Retina,2006,26(8):859-870.
[21]Massin P,Bandello F,Garweg JG,etal.Safety and efficacy of ranibizumab in diabetic macular edema (RESOLVE Study):a 12-month,randomized,controlled,double-masked,multicenter phase Ⅱ study[J].Diabetes Care,2010,26(8):2399-2405.
[22]Nguyen QD,Shah SM,Heier JS,etal.Primary end point (six months) results of the Ranibizumab for Edema of the Macula in Diabetes (READ-2) study[J].Ophthalmology,2009,116(11):2175-2181.
[23]Nguyen QD,Shah SM,Khwaja AA,etal.Two-year outcomes of the Ranibizumab for Edema of the Macula in Diabetes (READ-2) study[J].Ophthalmology,2010,117(11):2146-2151.
[24]Do DV,Nguyen QD,Khwaja AA,etal.Ranibizumab for Edema of the Macula in Diabetes study:3-year outcomes and the need for prolonged frequent treatment[J].JAMA Ophthalmol,2013,131(2):139-145.
[25]Kook D,Wolf A,Kreutzer T,etal.Long-term effect of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in patients with chronic diffuse diabetic macular edema[J].Retina,2008,28(8):1053-1060.
[26]Heier JS,Brown DM,Chong V,etal.Intravitreal aflibercept (VEGF Trap-Eye) in wet age-related macular degeneration[J].Ophthalmology,2012,119(12):2537-2548.
[27]Do DV,Schmidt-Erfurth U,Gonzalez VH,etal.The Da Vinci Study:phase 2 primary results of VEGF Trap-Eye in patients with diabetic macular edema[J].Ophthalmology,2011,118(9):1819-1826.
[28]Do DV,Nguyen QD,Boyer D,etal.One-year outcomes of the Da Vinci Study of VEGF Trap-Eye in eyes with diabetic macular edema[J].Ophthalmology,2012,119(8):1658-1665.
[29]Figueroa MS,Contreras I,Noval S,etal.Surgical and anatomical outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy for diffuse nontractional diabetic macular edema[J].Retina,2008,28(3):420-426.
[30]Hikichi T,Fujio N,Akiba J,etal.Association between the short-term natural history of diabetic macular edema and the vitreomacular relationship in type II diabetes mellitus[J].Ophthalmology,1997,104(3):473-478.
[31]Tachi N,Ogino N.Vitrectomy for diffuse macular edema in cases of diabetic retinopathy[J].Am J Ophthalmol,1996,122(2):258-
260.
[32]Kadonosono K,Itoh N,Ohno S.Perifoveal microcirculation before and after vitrectomy for diabetic cystoid macular edema[J].Am J Ophthalmology,2000,130(6):740-744.
[33]Christoforidis JB,Amico DJ .Surgical and other treatments of diabetic macular edema:an update[J].Int Ophthalmol Clin,2004,44(1):139-160.
[34]Kohno T,Sorgente N,Goodnight R,etal.Alterations in the distribution of fibronectin and laminin in the diabetic human eye[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,1987,28(3):515-521.
[35]Ljubimov AV,Burgeson RE,Butkowski RJ,etal.Basement membrane abnormalities in human eyes with diabetic retinopathy[J].J Histochem Cytochem,1996,44(12):1469-1479.
[36]Pendergast SD.Vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema associated with a taut premacular posterior hyaloid[J].Curr Opin Ophthalmol,1998,9(3):71-75.
[37]Chung EJ,Freeman WR,Azen SP,etal.Comparison of combination posterior sub-tenon triamcinolone and modified grid laser treatment with intravitreal triamcinolone treatment in patients with diffuse diabetic macular edema[J].Yonsei Med,2008,49(6):955-964.
[38]Aydin E,Demir HD,Yardim H,etal.Efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone after or concomitant with laser photocoagulation in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema[J].Eur Ophthalmol.2009,19(4):630-637.
[39]Maia OO Jr,Takahashi BS,Costa RA,etal.Combined laser and intravitreal triamcinolone for proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular edema:one-year results of a randomized clinical trial[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2009,147(2):291-297.
[40]Gillies MC,McAllister IL,Zhu M,etal.Intravitreal triamcinolone prior to laser treatment of diabetic macular edema:24-month results of a randomized controlled trial[J].Ophthalmology,2011,118(5):866-872.
[41]Mitchell P,Bandello F,Schmidt-Erfurth U,etal.The RESTORE study:ranibizumab monotherapy or combined with laser versus laser monotherapy for diabetic macular edema[J].Ophthalmology,2011,118(4):615-625.
摘要:糖尿病黃斑水腫是由于高血糖所引起的眼部并發癥,是造成糖尿病患者視力嚴重損害的原因之一。DME是一種多因素引起的復雜的病理過程,傳統的治療方法主要是黃斑部激光治療。早期糖尿病視網膜病變研究組認為激光治療對于臨床有意義的黃斑水腫是有效的。近年來,DME治療方法有了迅速進展,如手術治療、眼內注射藥物治療。其中新型的眼內注射藥物已成為伴有中心視力下降的DME一線治療。
關鍵詞:糖尿病; 糖尿病黃斑水腫; 激光治療; 藥物治療; 手術
The Treatment of Diabetic Macular EdemaLIULi-li1,HUANGMin-li2. (1.DepartmentofOphthalmology,LiuzhouWorker′sHospital,Liuzhou545005,China; 2.DepartmentofOphthalmology,theFirstAffiliatedHospital,GuangxiMedicalUniversity,Nanning530021,China)
Abstract:Diabetic macular edema(DME),a serious eye complication caused by hyperglycemia,is one of the main causes of visual impairment in diabetic patients.DME is a complex pathological process caused by multiple factors.Conventional treatment is mainly based on laser photocoagulation.The study on early treatment for diabetic retinopathy showed that macular laser photocoagulation was beneficial for eyes with clinically significant macular edema.The treatment for DME is rapidly evolving in recent years,such as surgical treatment,intraocular pharmacotherapy.New drugs,given by intraocular injection,have become first line treatment for DME with loss of vision.
Key words:Diabetes; Diabetic macular edema; Laser photocoagulation; Drug therapy; Surgery
收稿日期:2014-10-18修回日期:2014-12-28編輯:相丹峰
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.15.036
中圖分類號:R774.5; R587.2
文獻標識碼:A
文章編號:1006-2084(2015)15-2786-04