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2型糖尿病患者血脂紊亂的機制

2015-12-31 00:00:00王亞男江峰
醫學信息 2015年34期

1 2型糖尿病患者血脂紊亂的情況

多機構研究發現2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者常伴隨著血漿甘油三酯(TG)濃度增高、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)降低等血脂代謝紊亂情況[1,2]。Jacobs 等研究發現約25.3 %的T2DM患者伴發血漿低密度脂蛋白LDL濃度升高(LDL>100mg/dL),而在非糖尿病患者占24.3%,提示T2DM患者血漿LDL濃度較正常人沒有明顯差異[3]。但T2DM患者LDL顆粒容易被氧化,且伴發翻轉減少等運動的異常,這些異常潛在都是有害的[1]。當血漿LDL<50mg/dL或者非HDL<80 mg/dL時,LDL顆粒明顯增多,LDL顆粒密度增高(特別是當TG>100mg/dL時)[4]。T2DM患者肝內極低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)產生增多,VLDL和中密度脂蛋白(IDL)分解減少,VLDL在TG中的含量相對增多,小而密LDL(sdLDL)在富含LDL、HDL的TG中的含量也相對增多[1],而這些血脂紊亂可導致動脈粥樣硬化形成[5]。

2 T2DM血脂代謝紊亂的機制

T2DM患者游離脂肪酸(FFA)增多,促進肝臟VLDL-TG的產生,VLDL-TG在膽固醇酯轉移蛋白(CETP)的作用下,轉變為HDL,導致VLDL-C和富含TG、缺失膽固醇(CHO)的HDL數量增多。CETP可促進VLDL中的TG轉移到LDL中形成富含TG的LDL,經脂肪酶和脂蛋白酶水解后產生sdLDL,故導致血漿sdLDL增多[6]。HDL分解也明顯增多,而合成沒有明顯變化,導致血漿HDL濃度下降[7]。腫瘤壞死因子(TNF-α)等炎性因子增多,促進胰島素抵抗,導致 HDL合成減少[8]。肝內VLDL產生增多對HDL減少、sdLDL增多起重要作用,而VLDL增多的機制尚未明確,但是一些因素可能扮演著重要角色。

2.1游離脂肪酸增多 因為胰島素在脂質代謝過程中起著重要作用,所以T2DM患者胰島素抵抗和相對胰島素缺少可能在血脂紊亂發病過程中扮演著重要角色[1]。肝臟VLDL產生增多和胰島素抵抗相關,是T2DM患者血脂代謝紊亂的顯著特征 [9]。激素敏感型脂肪酶可促進脂肪的分解,胰島素抵抗時,胰島素對脂肪組織中的激素敏感型脂肪酶的抑制作用減少[1,10],導致T2DM血漿游離脂肪酸(FFA)的濃度升高,進入肝臟的FFA也增多,肝臟內FFA緩慢長期增多,促進TG的產生,導致細胞質內TG儲存池增大,通過抑制翻譯后載脂蛋白B(apoB)的消除、促進微粒體轉運蛋白(MTP)的表達來促進VLDL的產生[11,12]。

2.2磷脂酰肌醇(-3)激酶(PI3K)失活和apoB消除減少 胰島素可直接抑制肝癌細胞VLDL-apoB和VLDL-TG的產生[13]。胰島素直接抑制肝臟VLDL產生的機制尚未明確,有研究發現,PI3K途徑可能參與其中。當胰島素和其細胞表面的受體結合后,胰島素的信號通路被激活。胰島素受體自身磷酸化、酪氨酸激酶受體激活,導致胰島素受體底物1(IRS1)和IRS2等IRSs中的絡氨酸磷酸化[14]。IRS1和IRS2中絡氨酸磷酸化導致PI3K的激活,PI3K一旦激活,促使磷酯酰肌醇二磷酸 (PIP2)轉變為PI3K,促進AKT蛋白激酶的激活。AKT蛋白激酶是一種絲氨酸/蘇氨酸(Ser/Thr)蛋白激酶,是調節脂質代謝的效應器。用PI3K抑制劑LY-294002,可以消除胰島素對apoB的抑制作用,說明PI3K參與胰島素對apoB的調節[15]。有研究發現PI3K/AKT的激活可導致酪氨酸磷酸酶1B的失活,將促進apoB的減少[16]。T2DM患者由于胰島素抵抗,胰島素抑制肝細胞VLDL產生的作用明顯減弱[17],導致VLDL產生增多。

2.3肝細胞微粒體甘油三酯轉移蛋白(MTP)表達增多 細胞研究發現胰島素可以下調MTP基因的表達,抑制MTP蛋白的產生。叉頭框轉錄因子O1(FoxO1)通過PI3K/AKT途徑被磷酸化,以促進細胞內MTP基因表達[19]。Foxa2與其激活因子過氧化物酶體增殖活化受體γ共激活因子-1β(PGC-1β) 形成復合體,刺激肝細胞MTP基因 mRNA 的表達,促進肝細胞VLDL的分泌[20]。胰島素抵抗和T2DM患者MTP表達和活性都增高,PI3K活性的減弱可導致FoxO1增多[19]。胰島素介導的Foxa2失活減少可能參與MTP表達增多[21]。

2.4磷脂酶D1 和 ADP-核糖基化因子1(ARF-1)的活性增高 胰島素可以抑制VLDL的產生,胰島素通過PI3K途徑促進細胞膜磷脂中的磷脂酰肌醇4,5二磷酸(PIP2)轉變為磷脂酰肌醇4,5三磷酸(PIP3),導致PIP2減少,PIP2可以刺激磷脂酶D1和ARF-1形成,磷脂酶D1和ARF-1參與VLDL形成過程。胰島素抵抗時,胰島素信號通路受損將降低PI3K活性,抑制PIP2轉變為PI3K,導致PIP2增多,從而導致VLDL的產生增多[22]。

2.5脂肪合成增多 一些研究表明肥胖和胰島素抵抗者,脂肪合成是增多的[23]。胰島素抵抗和T2DM患者肝臟FFA及脂肪含量增高,可促進內質網應激性增高 [24]。動物模型研究發現而內質網應激性增高和肝臟脂肪合成相關[25]。血糖在5.5到27.5mmol/l波動時,可誘導碳水化合物反應元件結合蛋白(ChREBP)激活脂肪合成酶基因啟動子,促進其表達[26,27]。膽固醇調節元件結合蛋白-1c(SREBP-1c)表達增高可能和內質網應激性增高有關[28]。肝X受體(LXR)活性增高可能參與脂肪合成增多,LXR可促進SREBP-1c的表達,導致肝臟脂肪酸合成和脂肪分解增加[29]。LXR不僅可上調SREBP-1c,而且可上調 ChREBP[30]。

2.6脂聯素降低 T2DM患者腺苷酸激酶活性降低可能是由于血漿脂聯素濃度降低導致的,因為血漿脂聯素是腺苷酸激酶的激活劑[31]。循環脂聯素降低導致肌肉FFA氧化減少,血漿FFA濃度增高,肝臟脂肪含量增高,促進肝臟VLDL產生。高脂聯素血癥可降低肝臟腺苷酸激酶的活性,可能提高SREBP-1c的表達,激活乙酰輔酶A,脂肪酸合酶等脂肪合成酶,來促進脂肪的重新合成[32-34]。

3 總結

T2DM患者伴隨著血漿TG、sdLDL增高,HDL降低等血脂代謝紊亂的情況,具體的機制仍然未知。現在研究發現肝內VLDL產生增多起著重要的作用,而FFA增多,PI3K失活和apoB消除減少,MTP表達增多,ARF-1活性增高,脂肪合成增多,脂聯素降低等因素可促進VLDL產生增多,進而引起血脂代謝紊亂。

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編輯/馮焱

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