李冬霞, 王永玲, 蔡松旺
(1新鄉醫學院基礎醫學院,河南 新鄉 453003;2中山大學附屬第三醫院胸外科,廣東 廣州 510630)
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PAK4-LIMK1-Cofilin信號通路對非小細胞肺癌遷移及侵襲能力的影響*
李冬霞1,王永玲1,蔡松旺2△
(1新鄉醫學院基礎醫學院,河南 新鄉 453003;2中山大學附屬第三醫院胸外科,廣東 廣州 510630)
[摘要]目的: 探討p21活化激酶4(PAK4)對非小細胞肺癌(NSCLC)侵襲和遷移能力的影響及相關機制。方法: PAK4-siRNA或陰性對照轉染A549和NCI-p20細胞株,實時熒光定量PCR和Western blot分別檢測細胞PAK4 mRNA和蛋白表達水平,Transwell小室法檢測其對細胞侵襲和遷移能力的影響;Western blot檢測其LIMK1、cofilin及其磷酸化水平;免疫共沉淀檢測PAK4和LIMK1蛋白是否直接綁定;體外激酶分析實驗檢測LIMK1是否是PAK4的激酶底物;Western blot檢測10例非小細胞肺癌組織中PAK4和磷酸化LIMK1的相關性;PAK4-siRNA和LIMK1質粒共轉染A549和NCI-p20細胞后觀察細胞遷移和侵襲能力變化。結果: 沉默PAK4后A549和NCI-p20細胞遷移和侵襲能力明顯減弱(P<0.05);LIMK1和cofilin蛋白水平無顯著變化,而磷酸化LIMK1和磷酸化cofilin水平顯著下調;免疫共沉淀結果示PAK4與LIMK1相互綁定;激酶分析實驗結果顯示,激酶缺陷型PAK4(K350M)使LIMK1磷酸化的作用顯著低于野生型PAK4或活化型PAK4(S445N)(P<0.05)。Western blot檢測結果示非小細胞肺癌組織中PAK4表達上調的程度與磷酸化LIMK1含量呈正相關(P<0.05);PAK4-siRNA和LIMK1質粒共轉染A549和NCI-p20細胞后,遷移和侵襲細胞數均高于PAK4-siRNA轉染組(P<0.05)。結論: PAK4通過直接磷酸化LIMK1而促進非小細胞肺癌的遷移及侵襲能力。
[關鍵詞]p21活化激酶4; LIM激酶1; 非小細胞肺癌; 細胞遷移; 細胞侵襲
p21活化激酶4(p21-activated kinase 4,PAK4)屬于絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶家族中的成員,是Rho家族Rac、Cdc42等下游的靶蛋白,具有調節細胞骨架、細胞增殖、凋亡和遷移等功能[1-3]。目前已發現人體多種惡性腫瘤的發生發展與PAK4異常有關[4-5],而PAK4在人非小細胞肺癌(non-small-cell lung cancer,NSCLC)中的生物學作用及其機制未見相關報道。我們前期的研究發現PAK4與NSCLC的分化程度、淋巴結轉移、遠處轉移和臨床分期相關,預后分析提示PAK4高表達與預后差相關。本研究旨在通過RNA干擾技術,探討PAK4在非小細胞肺癌侵襲及遷移中的作用及相關機制。
材料和方法
1材料
A549和NCI-p20細胞株購自中國醫學科學院上海生科院細胞資源中心;選用中山大學第三附屬醫院2012~2013年10例原發性非小細胞肺癌手術新鮮切除標本(切除后標本迅速放入液氮中,標本均經病理醫生檢查驗證和歸類);RPMI-1640培養基和胎牛血清(Gibco);siPORTTMNeoFXTM轉染劑(Am-bion);PrimeScript RT試劑盒(Promega);醋酸纖維膜(Bio-Rad);PAK4-siRNA(si-PAK4; 圣克魯斯生物技術公司);LIMK1質粒(上海吉瑪生物有限公司);TRIzol試劑和LIMK2純化蛋白(Life Technologies);兔抗人PAK4抗體、LIMK1抗體、p-LIMK1、cofilin 抗體、p-cofilin 抗體和GAPDH內參照抗體(CST);ECL顯色試劑盒(Pierce)。
2方法
2.1細胞培養與質粒轉染A549和NCI-p20細胞于含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培養基中培養,置于37 ℃、5% CO2培養箱培養,隔天傳代1次。轉染前24 h將A549和NCI-p20 細胞分別接種于6孔板中,細胞密度大約為5×108/L,待細胞匯合80%左右時,按照siPORTTMNeoFXTM轉染試劑操作手冊將si-PAK4、si-PAK4+LIMK1質粒、LIMK1質粒或陰性對照轉染細胞,繼續在37 ℃、5% CO2培養箱中培養。
參考文獻2.2Western blot實驗參照[3]步驟進行。轉染48 h后提取蛋白,利用10%的SDS-PAGE分離蛋白,轉膜,封閉,Ⅰ抗(1∶1 000)、Ⅱ抗(1∶1 000)孵育,ECL發光檢測,GAPDH作為內參照。使用Quantity One 軟件進行定量分析。
2.3實時熒光定量PCR實驗按照一步法使用Invitrogen的TRIzol試劑來提取總RNA。使用PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit試劑盒逆轉錄成單鏈cDNA。使用ABI 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR體系來進行實時熒光定量PCR。PAK4的上游引物為5’-ATGTGGTGGAGATGTACAACAGCTA-3’,下游引物為5’-GTTCATCCTGGTGTGGGTGAC-3’;內參照U6的上游引物為5’-TGCGGGTGCTCGCTTCGGCAGC-3’,下游引物為 5’-CCAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGT-3’。
2.4Matrigel侵襲及Transwell遷移實驗Matrigel侵襲實驗:每個Transwell 小室鋪50 μL Matrigel基質蛋白,5×104個細胞加入不含血清的Matrigel侵襲小室(BD),下室加含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培養液,培養24 h后用棉簽擦去小室上層未遷移的細胞,遷移至小室下層的細胞用4%多聚甲醛固定、結晶紫染色。各取5個400倍視野,顯微鏡下觀察拍照。Transwell遷移實驗不需鋪膠,其余操作同Matrigel侵襲實驗。
2.5免疫共沉淀實驗將A549或NCI-p20細胞(6×106)溶解在400 μL細胞裂解液(1% Triton X-100,150 mmol/L NaCl,20 mmol/L Tris-HCl,1 mmol/L EDTA,1 mmol/L Na3VO4,2.5 mmol/L焦磷酸,1 mmol/L磷酸甘油和蛋白酶抑制劑混合物)中4 ℃裂解10 min,于4 ℃、14 000×g離心15 min并迅速轉移上清至另一離心管中。上清液中加入4 μg PAK4或LIMK1抗體和60 μL Protein G Plus/Protein A-Agarose 4 ℃搖床振蕩孵育3 h。裂解液清洗3次,每次10 mim,沉淀復合物加入等體積的2×SDS上樣緩沖液,其余步驟同Western blot實驗。
2.6體外激酶分析實驗PAK4 (WT) cDNA克隆入大腸桿菌表達載體pET30a,突變載體PAK4 (S445N)和PAK4 (K350M)通過定點突變構建并純化相應蛋白。將上述等量蛋白及LIMK1純化蛋白與含有100 mmol/L NaCl、10 mmol/L MgCl2、50 mmol/L HEPES(pH 7.5)、1 mmol/L DTT和50 μmol/L ATP的緩沖液30 ℃孵育30 min,3×SDS樣品緩沖液終止。其余步驟同Western blot實驗。
3統計學處理
計量資料數據以均數±標準差(mean±SD)表示,數據比較應用SPSS 17.0 統計軟件處理,采用單因素方差分析比較組間均數差異;采用Spearman相關分析確定PAK4與p-LIMK1的相關性。以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
結果
1siRNA抑制轉染細胞PAK4蛋白和mRNA表達
A549和NCI-p20細胞分別轉染si-PAK4 48 h后,Western blot和實時熒光定量PCR方法檢測PAK4表達水平。與對照組比較,轉染siPAK4的A549和NCI-p20細胞PAK4蛋白和mRNA表達明顯下調(P<0.05),見圖1。這表明構建的siRNA質粒在蛋白和mRNA水平上抑制PAK4表達。

Figure 1.The protein (A) and mRNA (B) expression of PAK4 in A549 cells and NCI-p20 cells transfected with PAK4-siRNA (si-PAK4) or control siRNA (NC). Mean±SD.n=5.*P<0.05vsNC.
圖1轉染siPAK4對A549細胞和NCI-p20細胞PAK4蛋白及mRNA表達的影響
2沉默PAK4基因對細胞遷移及侵襲能力的影響
轉染si-PAK4的A549和NCI-p20細胞侵襲和遷移出的細胞數明顯少于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05),表明轉染si-PAK4后,A549和NCI-p20細胞的侵襲及遷移能力下降,見圖2。

Figure 2.PAK4 knockdown suppressed NSCLC cell migration and invasion (×40). Mean±SD.n=5.*P<0.05vsNC.
圖2轉染si-PAK4對A549細胞和NCI-p20細胞遷移及侵襲能力的影響
3LIMK1是PAK4的激酶底物
Western blot結果顯示,si-PAK4轉染A549和NCI-p20細胞后,轉染si-PAK4組p-LIMK1和p-cofilin均低于對照組(P< 0.05),LIMK1和cofilin的蛋白水平無變化(圖3A)。免疫共沉淀實驗結果顯示,LIMK1蛋白出現在含有抗PAK4抗體的復雜免疫沉淀中;PAK4也出現在含有抗LIMK1抗體的免疫沉淀物中,而在與對照組免疫球蛋白IgG相聯系的免疫復合物中未檢測到PAK4和LIMK1(圖3B)。這表明PAK4與LIMK1在A549和NCI-p20細胞中相互綁定。
體外激酶分析實驗結果顯示,激酶缺陷型PAK4(K350M)使LIMK1磷酸化的作用顯著低于野生型PAK4或活化型PAK4(S445N)(P<0.05),見圖3C。進一步在10例NSCLC組織中行Western blot檢測,發現PAK4表達上調的程度與p-LIMK1含量呈正相關(P<0.05),見圖3D。以上結果提示LIMK1是PAK4的激酶底物。
Figure 3.LIMK1 was the kinase substrate of PAK4. A: the protein levels of LIMK1, p-LIMK1, cofilin, and p-cofilin in the A549 cells and NCI-p20 cells transfected with si-PAK4 or control determined by Western blot. NC: negative control. B: A549 cell and NCI-p20 cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with PAK4 antibody (top panels) or LIMK1 antibody (bottom panels), and subjected to Western blot to ascertain LIMK1 and PAK4 interaction. C:invitrokinase assay using purified activated PAK4 (S445N), kinase-defective PAK4 (K350M), PAK4 (WT), and LIMK1 protein. D: correlation between the protein levels of PAK4 and p-LIMK1 in human NSCLC tissues (n=10).
圖3LIMK1是PAK4的激酶底物
4LIMK1對沉默PAK4抑制非小細胞肺癌細胞遷移和侵襲能力的恢復性作用
體外遷移及侵襲實驗結果顯示si-PAK4和LIMK1質粒共轉染組細胞遷移和侵襲細胞數均顯著高于si-PAK4轉染組(P<0.05);同時行Western blot檢測結果顯示si-PAK4和LIMK1質粒共轉染組p-LIMK1蛋白表達水平高于轉染si-PAK4組(P<0.05),見圖4,表明LIMK1對沉默PAK4抑制NSCLC細胞遷移和侵襲能力的恢復性作用。進一步在功能學上說明PAK4通過磷酸化LIMK1而促進非小細胞肺癌細胞的遷移及侵襲能力。
討論
作為癌基因,PAK4參與調節正常細胞基因轉錄、遷移、生長和凋亡等過程,其異常高表達促進腫瘤細胞增殖、侵襲、轉移。研究表明,PAK4上調在多種癌癥中具有促進腫瘤細胞遷移的作用[6-11]。PAK4在不同腫瘤中可通過不同的途徑促進腫瘤細胞增殖、遷移和侵襲,如在絨毛膜癌中是通過下游的膜型基質金屬蛋白1(membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase, MT1 MMP)實現的[6];在卵巢癌中是通過c-Src/絲裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶1(mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1, MEK1)/細胞外信號調節激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)1/2和MMP-2介導的[7];在前列腺癌中是通過激活LIMK1/cofilin信號通路完成的[8],在腦膠質瘤中與MMP-2[9]及胃癌中與SCG10或LIMK1/cofilin信號通路有關[10-11]。我們前期研究結果證實PAK4與NSCLC的惡性特征及預后有關,然而,PAK4在NSCLC中的生物學作用及具體機制尚不清楚。本研究通過沉默PAK4基因,體外細胞遷移及侵襲實驗結果表明PAK4具有促進非小細胞肺癌的遷移及侵襲作用。

Figure 4.LIMK1 overexpression rescued the effects of si-PAK4 on the migration and invasion of A549 cells and NCI-p20 cells (×40). Mean±SD.n=5.*P<0.05vsother groups.
圖4LIMK1對沉默PAK4抑制非小細胞肺癌細胞遷移和侵襲能力的恢復性作用
目前關于PAK4上游信號調控機制的研究不多,蛋白激酶D(protein kinase D, PKD)被報道可以通過色氨酸474位點直接磷酸化PAK4[12];肝細胞生長因子 (hepatocyte growth factor, HGF) 和促卵泡激素 (follicle stimulating hormone, FSH) 被報道在卵巢癌中可以調節PAK4磷酸化從而影響腫瘤的侵襲及轉移[13]。Mak等[14]報道CDK5RAP3可以通過綁定PAK4從而使其活化,促進肝癌的轉移。
LIMK1是PAK4下游的靶蛋白,通過使cofilin磷酸化和失活調節激動蛋白細胞骨架的重組,參與腫瘤血管、細胞遷移和和遷移等[15]。PAK4-LIMK1-cofilin信號通路促進前列腺癌和胃癌細胞遷移的作用已被證實[8-11]。PAK4促進NSCLC細胞遷移和侵襲是否通過LIMK1介導的未見報道。本研究顯示siRNA介導的PAK4表達下調后,LIMK1和cofilin的磷酸化水平均降低,則LIMK1和cofilin的蛋白表達水平無變化,提示NSCLC中PAK4可以調節LIMK1及cofilin的磷酸化。同時我們通過免疫沉淀發現PAK4與LIMK1蛋白分別出現在抗對方抗體的免疫沉淀物中,進一步證實了PAK4可特異地與LIMK1相互作用,最后通過體外激酶分析實驗證實LIMK1是PAK4的激酶底物。
綜上所述, PAK4通過直接磷酸化LIMK1進而促進非小細胞肺癌細胞的遷移和侵襲,有望為非小細胞肺癌治療提供新的靶點,PAK4高表達的上游信號通路將在下一步研究中探討。
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(責任編輯: 盧萍, 羅森)

*[基金項目]深圳市科技計劃(No. JCYJ20140414160300592)
Effect of PAK4-LIMK1-cofilin signaling on non-small-cell lung cancer migration and invasionLI Dong-xia1, WANG Yong-ling1, CAI Song-wang2
(1SchoolofBasicMedicalScience,XinxiangMedicalUniversity,Xinxiang453003,China;2DepartmentofCardiothoracicSurgery,TheThirdAffiliatedHospital,SunYat-senUniversity,Guangzhou510630,China.E-mail:songwangcai@yahoo.com)
[ABSTRACT]AIM: To explore the mechanism of p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) on non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) migration and invasion.METHODS: After A549 and NCI-p20 cell lines were transfected with PAK4-siRNA or negative control, the expression of PAK4 at mRNA and protein levels was detected by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. The invasion and migration of A549 cells and NCI-p20 cells were measured by Matrigel invasion assay and Transwell migration assay. LIMK1, cofilin, and their respective phosphorylation were examined by Western blot. The interaction of PAK4 and LIMK1 was investigated by co-immunoprecipitation assay. The relationship between PAK4 and LIMK1 phosphorylation was examined by a protein kinase assay in the A549 cells and NCI-p20 cells. The expression of PAK4 and p-LIMK1 in 10 human NSCLC tissues was examined by Western blot. A549 cells and NCI-p20 cells were individually or commonly transfected with PAK4-siRNA or LIMK1 plasmid in order to observe the cell migration and invasion. RESULTS: After A549 cells and NCI-p20 cells were transfected with PAK4-siRNA for 48 h, the expression of PAK4 at mRNA and protein levels, and the numbers of invasion and migration cells in PAK4-siRNA group were lower than those in control group. Compared with control group, the phosphorylation of LIMK1 and cofilin was lower in PAK4-siRNA group, whereas the total expression levels of LIMK1 and cofilin did not change. The results of co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that PAK4 specifically interacted with LIMK1 in A549 and NCI-p20 cells. LIMK1 phosphorylation in the presence of PAK4 (K350M) was significantly lower than that in the presence of PAK4 (WT) or PAK4 (S445N) in the protein kinase assay. The PAK4 upregulation was positively correlated with the level of p-LIMK1 (P<0.05). After A549 cells and NCI-p20 cells were co-transfected with PAK4-siRNA and LIMK1 plasmid, the migration and invasion cell numbers in co-transfection group were higher than those in PAK4-siRNA transfection group. CONCLUSION: PAK4 promotes the invasive and migratory abilities of NSCLC, which is mediated by LIMK1 phosphorylation.
[KEY WORDS]p21-activated kinase 4; LIM kinase 1; Non-small-cell lung cancer; Cell migration; Cell invasion
通訊作者△Tel: 020-38688039; E-mail: tangshaohui205@163.com
[收稿日期]2015- 04- 29[修回日期] 2015- 09- 10
[文章編號]1000- 4718(2015)12- 2136- 08
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000- 4718.2015.12.004
[中圖分類號]R363
[文獻標志碼]A