趙明磊,畢 齊
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·新進(jìn)展·
無(wú)癥狀性頸動(dòng)脈狹窄與認(rèn)知功能障礙關(guān)系研究進(jìn)展
趙明磊,畢 齊
無(wú)癥狀性頸動(dòng)脈狹窄(ACS)指頸動(dòng)脈狹窄不合并頸動(dòng)脈相關(guān)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀及腦血管疾病(如腦卒中或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作),主要由動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化引起,是腦卒中的高危因素。近年有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ACS獨(dú)立于血管性危險(xiǎn)因素引起認(rèn)知功能障礙,認(rèn)為ACS是認(rèn)知功能障礙的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,發(fā)病機(jī)制涉及頸動(dòng)脈狹窄相關(guān)的腦微栓塞和腦低灌注。頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)(CEA)或頸動(dòng)脈支架成形術(shù)(CAS)能夠改善ACS患者認(rèn)知功能。了解ACS與認(rèn)知功能障礙是否直接相關(guān)及其發(fā)病機(jī)制,有助于指導(dǎo)ACS患者預(yù)防和治療認(rèn)知功能障礙。本文總結(jié)ACS與認(rèn)知功能障礙關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)行綜述。
頸動(dòng)脈狹窄;認(rèn)知障礙;頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù);頸動(dòng)脈支架成形術(shù);綜述
趙明磊,畢齊.無(wú)癥狀性頸動(dòng)脈狹窄與認(rèn)知功能障礙關(guān)系研究進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué),2016,19(23):2861-2865.[www.chinagp.net]
ZHAO M L,BI Q.Research progress of the relationship between asymptomatic carotid stenosis and cognitive disorders[J].Chinese General Practice,2016,19(23):2861-2865.
無(wú)癥狀性頸動(dòng)脈狹窄(ACS)指頸動(dòng)脈狹窄不合并頸動(dòng)脈相關(guān)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀及腦血管疾病(如腦卒中或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作)[1]。近年有研究表明,ACS與認(rèn)知功能障礙密切相關(guān),認(rèn)為其是認(rèn)知功能障礙的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[2-3]。本文主要從ACS與認(rèn)知功能障礙的關(guān)系、發(fā)病機(jī)制及相關(guān)治療等方面的研究進(jìn)展綜述如下。
頸動(dòng)脈狹窄是指顱外段頸動(dòng)脈狹窄,通常僅指顱外段頸內(nèi)
同行評(píng)議:
本文檢索了無(wú)癥狀性頸動(dòng)脈狹窄(ACS)與認(rèn)知功能障礙關(guān)系的研究,得出ACS是認(rèn)知功能障礙的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,發(fā)病機(jī)制涉及頸動(dòng)脈狹窄相關(guān)的腦微栓塞和腦低灌注,頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)(CEA)或頸動(dòng)脈支架成形術(shù)(CAS)能夠改善ACS患者認(rèn)知功能的結(jié)論。檢索文獻(xiàn)齊全,論點(diǎn)明確,層次清楚,邏輯性強(qiáng),語(yǔ)言通順,論點(diǎn)對(duì)臨床有一定的意義。
動(dòng)脈或包括頸總動(dòng)脈和頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈,多數(shù)由動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化引起,少數(shù)由纖維肌性發(fā)育不良、動(dòng)脈迂曲等引起[4]。≥65歲男性和女性頸動(dòng)脈狹窄患病率分別為75%和62%,其中頸動(dòng)脈狹窄≥50%者分別占7%和5%[5],是腦卒中的高危因素[6]。頸動(dòng)脈狹窄篩查和診斷可采用超聲檢查〔包括頸動(dòng)脈彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)和經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲(TCD)〕、磁共振血管成像(MRA)、CT血管造影(CTA)和有創(chuàng)性數(shù)字減影血管造影(DSA),其中DSA是診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]。
目前評(píng)價(jià)頸動(dòng)脈狹窄程度有兩種方法,即歐洲頸動(dòng)脈外科試驗(yàn)法(European Carotid Surgery Trial,ECST)[7]和北美癥狀性頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)試驗(yàn)法(North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial,NASCET)[8],其測(cè)量分別基于動(dòng)脈造影顯示的頸動(dòng)脈球部直徑和頸動(dòng)脈球后遠(yuǎn)端直徑減少的百分比。NASCET將頸動(dòng)脈狹窄程度分為4級(jí):頸動(dòng)脈狹窄<50%為輕度狹窄,頸動(dòng)脈狹窄50%~69%為中度狹窄,頸動(dòng)脈狹窄70%~99%為重度狹窄,頸動(dòng)脈狹窄100%為閉塞[8]。
頸動(dòng)脈狹窄根據(jù)其臨床表現(xiàn)可分為癥狀性頸動(dòng)脈狹窄和ACS。一項(xiàng)Meta分析顯示,≥64歲ACS患者頸動(dòng)脈狹窄≥50%和≥70%檢出率分別為4.2%和1.7%,受性別和年齡的影響,其中64~70歲男性和女性頸動(dòng)脈狹窄≥50%檢出率分別為4.8%和2.2%,而≥70歲男性和女性頸動(dòng)脈狹窄≥50%檢出率分別為12.5%和6.9%[9]。重慶的一項(xiàng)橫斷面調(diào)查顯示,65~85歲人群頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜(IMT)增厚(IMT>1.0 mm)和頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的發(fā)生率分別為86%和51%,且17.7%患者存在認(rèn)知功能障礙[10]。近年來(lái)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ACS并不沉默,能夠引起認(rèn)知功能障礙,然而其是否直接引起認(rèn)知功能障礙仍不確定[2-3]。
認(rèn)知功能障礙指知覺、注意、記憶等過(guò)程發(fā)生障礙,導(dǎo)致對(duì)新知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)或?qū)σ勋@取知識(shí)的應(yīng)用能力下降,主要表現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)言、記憶、視覺空間功能等多個(gè)方面的受損及認(rèn)知能力降低,患者通常伴有行為或情感的異常以及在日常生活中社交和工作能力減退[11]。臨床上可通過(guò)神經(jīng)心理學(xué)測(cè)試評(píng)估,最常用的有簡(jiǎn)易精神狀態(tài)評(píng)價(jià)量表(MMSE)和蒙特利爾認(rèn)知評(píng)估量表(MoCA),均適用于ACS患者的認(rèn)知功能評(píng)估[12],MoCA在對(duì)頸動(dòng)脈狹窄所致的認(rèn)知功能障礙評(píng)估中被證實(shí)是一種敏感的評(píng)估工具[13]。
多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ACS與認(rèn)知功能障礙密切相關(guān),EVERTS等[14]比較重度癥狀性頸動(dòng)脈狹窄和ACS患者認(rèn)知功能,發(fā)現(xiàn)重度ACS與信息處理速度下降有關(guān)。ROCQUE等[15]也發(fā)現(xiàn),癥狀性頸動(dòng)脈狹窄和ACS患者在頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)(CEA)前均存在視覺空間/結(jié)構(gòu)能力、注意力、即刻/延遲記憶力下降。CHENG等[16]比較重度ACS組與正常組發(fā)現(xiàn),重度ACS組總體認(rèn)知功能明顯下降,尤以工作記憶力、詞語(yǔ)延遲以及復(fù)雜視空間知覺能力下降明顯。MATHIESEN 等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),頸動(dòng)脈狹窄≥35%者較正常人認(rèn)知功能下降。一項(xiàng)包含8項(xiàng)橫向性調(diào)查和2項(xiàng)縱向性研究的系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)認(rèn)為,ACS與認(rèn)知功能障礙密切相關(guān),然而ACS患者同時(shí)存在的血管性危險(xiǎn)因素如糖尿病、高血壓和吸煙等同樣也可引起認(rèn)知功能障礙[3]。
ACS患者無(wú)論頸動(dòng)脈狹窄程度如何,均可引起認(rèn)知功能障礙。WENDELL等[18]對(duì)存在IMT增厚的患者隨訪14年,發(fā)現(xiàn)其使≥60歲人群癡呆和阿爾茨海默病(AD)發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加>2.5倍,獨(dú)立于心血管危險(xiǎn)因素引起執(zhí)行能力下降[19]。ACS患者頸動(dòng)脈狹窄≥35%時(shí)就可存在認(rèn)知功能障礙[17],而且輕度ACS與MMSE評(píng)分下降存在獨(dú)立相關(guān)性[20]。也有研究認(rèn)為,輕度和中度ACS與認(rèn)知功能障礙無(wú)關(guān),ACS患者引起認(rèn)知功能障礙以重度ACS患者明顯[10]。CHS研究對(duì)4 006例≥65歲無(wú)腦卒中/短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作及CEA患者進(jìn)行認(rèn)知功能評(píng)估,發(fā)現(xiàn)除心血管危險(xiǎn)因素之外,左側(cè)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄(狹窄≥75%)與認(rèn)知功能障礙有關(guān)[21],一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究也得到同樣結(jié)果[22]。
ACS患者認(rèn)知功能障礙程度與頸動(dòng)脈狹窄程度可能有關(guān),SCHERR等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然中度ACS患者較輕度ACS患者僅個(gè)別認(rèn)知功能領(lǐng)域評(píng)分下降,但重度ACS患者較輕度ACS患者多個(gè)認(rèn)知功能領(lǐng)域評(píng)分明顯下降。也有研究顯示,重度ACS患者較輕中度ACS患者M(jìn)MSE評(píng)分顯著下降[10]。對(duì)于重度ACS患者,其認(rèn)知功能障礙程度與頸動(dòng)脈狹窄程度關(guān)系不大[14],也有研究認(rèn)為兩者呈正相關(guān)[10]。
ACS引起認(rèn)知功能障礙是否受頸動(dòng)脈狹窄部位影響目前存在爭(zhēng)議。SUEMOTO等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn),左側(cè)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈重度狹窄與癡呆相關(guān),頸總動(dòng)脈和右側(cè)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄與之無(wú)關(guān)。XIANG等[10]認(rèn)為,ACS患者左側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈狹窄較右側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈狹窄和雙側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈狹窄患者認(rèn)知功能障礙患病率明顯升高,且左側(cè)與右側(cè)重度頸動(dòng)脈狹窄患者認(rèn)知損害領(lǐng)域并無(wú)明顯不同[10,14]。但有觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,ACS患者不管左側(cè)或右側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈狹窄均可引起認(rèn)知功能障礙,只是認(rèn)知功能受損領(lǐng)域不同[15,25-26]。ZAVOREO等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn),左側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈狹窄患者較右側(cè)語(yǔ)言和事件記憶方面能力評(píng)分低,而視覺-空間能力評(píng)分較高。SHANG[26]則認(rèn)為,不同側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈狹窄主要影響其同側(cè)大腦半球所支配認(rèn)知功能,且雙側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈狹窄患者較單側(cè)認(rèn)知功能差。
近年來(lái)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ACS并不沉默,能夠引起認(rèn)知功能障礙,其發(fā)病與頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化引起的腦微栓塞和頸動(dòng)脈狹窄引起腦低灌注有關(guān)[2-3]。目前普遍認(rèn)同的機(jī)制主要涉及腦微栓塞和腦低灌注,腦微栓塞能夠?qū)е蚂o息性腦梗死和腦白質(zhì)病變等腦組織損傷,而腦低灌注則可引起腦萎縮,兩者均可造成認(rèn)知功能障礙[27]。
一項(xiàng)研究顯示,頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化合并認(rèn)知功能障礙患者較無(wú)認(rèn)知功能障礙患者血小板聚集水平升高[28]。ROCQUE等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn),ACS患者認(rèn)知功能障礙程度與頸動(dòng)脈斑塊及其不穩(wěn)定性密切相關(guān),所以腦微栓塞可能是其發(fā)病機(jī)制之一。
然而MATHIESEN 等[17]通過(guò)TCD測(cè)量大腦中動(dòng)脈脈波監(jiān)測(cè)同側(cè)腦微血栓,發(fā)現(xiàn)同側(cè)腦微血栓與認(rèn)知功能障礙之間并無(wú)關(guān)系。BURATTI等[29]和SUEMOTO等[24]則分別通過(guò)超聲檢查和病理學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn),雙側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈重度狹窄患者ITM增厚與認(rèn)知功能障礙、癡呆無(wú)關(guān)。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ACS患者認(rèn)知功能障礙與腦白質(zhì)病變、靜息性腦梗死無(wú)關(guān)[17,22],且癡呆和無(wú)癡呆者之間腔隙性腦梗死患病率相似[23]。所以ACS患者引起認(rèn)知功能障礙可能與腦低灌注有關(guān)。MATHIESEN 等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ACS患者不存在腦部損傷(包括靜息性腦梗死、腦白質(zhì)病變和皮質(zhì)缺血灶)時(shí)仍可存在認(rèn)知功能障礙。TCD屏氣指數(shù)(breath holding index,BHI)反映腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué),可用來(lái)檢測(cè)早期認(rèn)知功能障礙[30],重度ACS患者存在認(rèn)知功能障礙時(shí)同側(cè)BHI同時(shí)下降[22,25-26,29]。WANG等[31]和CHENG等[32]分別用顱腦MR灌注成像和顱腦CT灌注成像反映CEA和頸動(dòng)脈支架成形術(shù)(CAS)術(shù)前、術(shù)后的灌注改善情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著灌注改善,認(rèn)知功能障礙明顯改善。說(shuō)明腦低灌注與引起ACS患者認(rèn)知功能障礙有關(guān)。
最近有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ACS引起認(rèn)知功能障礙,可能與其大腦連接結(jié)構(gòu)損害有關(guān)。CHENG等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),重度ACS患者存在彌漫性腦白質(zhì)連接結(jié)構(gòu)損害及特定區(qū)域功能連接損害(額頂葉網(wǎng)絡(luò)和默認(rèn)模式網(wǎng)絡(luò)),認(rèn)為這些特定形式的網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接結(jié)構(gòu)損害與認(rèn)知功能障礙直接相關(guān)(包括工作和詞語(yǔ)記憶,復(fù)雜視覺空間感知)。LIN等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn),重度ACS患者普遍存在多種模式的大腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接結(jié)構(gòu)損害,且出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知功能障礙之前雙側(cè)大腦半球間長(zhǎng)程非海馬通路已有損害,提出ACS患者在亞臨床階段大腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接結(jié)構(gòu)就已被破壞。
ACS的治療除藥物治療外,可行CEA或CAS解除頸動(dòng)脈狹窄,尤其是中重度ACS患者,現(xiàn)有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CEA或CAS能夠改善認(rèn)知功能[34-36]。
GRUNWALD等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn),CAS能夠改善重度ACS患者某些認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域。AKKAYA等[35]則認(rèn)為,ACS患者術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能改變不可預(yù)測(cè),同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)患者術(shù)后可引起顱腦新鮮缺血性損傷,但其認(rèn)知功能障礙與腦微栓塞無(wú)關(guān)。但有研究認(rèn)為兩者存在聯(lián)系[37-38]。WANG等[36]評(píng)估38例行CEA患者術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能,發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后6周患者視空間/執(zhí)行能力、命名、抽象和注意力明顯改善,認(rèn)為與腦低灌注改善有關(guān)。BARACCHINI等[39]則認(rèn)為,CEA能夠改善重度癥狀性頸動(dòng)脈狹窄患者認(rèn)知功能,而對(duì)重度ACS患者效果不明顯。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CEA術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能下降,且與術(shù)前患者的腦白質(zhì)病變無(wú)關(guān)[40]。
關(guān)于兩者的比較,一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),CEA和CAS對(duì)于改善頸動(dòng)脈狹窄患者認(rèn)知功能無(wú)不同,但其入組患者為癥狀性頸動(dòng)脈狹窄患者[41]。一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)則認(rèn)為,CEA和CAS均可改善總體認(rèn)知功能,但改善的認(rèn)知功能領(lǐng)域不同,由于缺乏對(duì)ACS患者認(rèn)知功能評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和CEA或CAS術(shù)后及時(shí)認(rèn)知功能評(píng)估,關(guān)于兩者的優(yōu)劣勢(shì)不明確[42]。
多數(shù)研究表明ACS與認(rèn)知功能障礙密切相關(guān),是認(rèn)知功能障礙的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,但ACS患者常存在血管性危險(xiǎn)因素(如高血壓、糖尿病和高脂血癥等)也可能影響認(rèn)知功能,所以ACS是否直接影響認(rèn)知功能不確定。由于各個(gè)研究所采用認(rèn)知功能評(píng)估量表不同,所以ACS患者認(rèn)知功能受損領(lǐng)域不明確。
目前普遍認(rèn)為ACS引起認(rèn)知功能障礙可能發(fā)病機(jī)制為腦微栓塞和腦低灌注,也有研究顯示與大腦連接結(jié)構(gòu)損害有關(guān),但具體機(jī)制不明確,需進(jìn)一步臨床研究。CEA或CAS通過(guò)解除頸動(dòng)脈狹窄改善腦低灌注能夠改善ACS患者認(rèn)知功能,但關(guān)于兩者的選擇不明確。臨床上ACS容易被臨床醫(yī)生和患者忽略,但并不是沉默,需引起人們的重視。明確ACS與認(rèn)知功能障礙是否直接相關(guān)及其發(fā)病機(jī)制,有助于指導(dǎo)ACS患者預(yù)防和治療認(rèn)知功能障礙。
本文文獻(xiàn)檢索策略:
檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)包括PubMed及中國(guó)知網(wǎng)(CNKI)。英文檢索詞包括carotid artery atherosclerosis,carotid artery stenosis,cognition,cognitive impairment,dementia;中文檢索詞包括頸動(dòng)脈狹窄,認(rèn)知功能,認(rèn)知障礙,癡呆。2010年1月—2014年12月已發(fā)表文獻(xiàn)共234篇,排除非人體研究42篇,排除文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)題及摘要中不含無(wú)癥狀性頸動(dòng)脈狹窄或認(rèn)知功能內(nèi)容文獻(xiàn)98篇,按國(guó)內(nèi)外指南、薈萃分析(Meta分析)或系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)、隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)和綜述等順序選擇文獻(xiàn),其中臨床研究入組人數(shù)≥30例,根據(jù)以上文獻(xiàn)選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn),最終選用42篇文獻(xiàn),其中2篇中文文獻(xiàn)和40篇英文文獻(xiàn),包括1篇中國(guó)指南以及2篇Meta分析、3篇系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)、1篇隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)。
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(本文編輯:陳素芳)
Research Progress of the Relationship Between Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis and Cognitive Disorders
ZHAOMing-lei,BIQi.
DepartmentofNeurology,BeijingAnzhenHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100029,China
BIQi,DepartmentofNeurology,BeijingAnzhenHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100029,China;E-mail:biqidoctor@163.com
As a high risk factor of stroke,asymptomatic carotid stenosis(ACS) refers to carotid artery stenosis without relative neurologic symptoms and cerebrovascular diseases(i.e.stroke or TIA).It is mainly caused by atherosclerosis.In recent years,a number of studies show that ACS is an independent risk factor of cognitive disorders.The pathogenesis of cognitive disorders could be explained by brain microthrombus and hypoperfusion which are related to carotid artery stenosis.Carotid endarterectomy(CEA) or carotid artery stenting(CAS) can improve cognitive function of patients with ACS.Understanding the relationship between ACS and cognitive disorders and also the nosogeny is important for preventing and treating cognitive disorders for patients with ACS.This paper was a review of the findings of the relationships between ACS and cognitive disorders.
Carotid stenosis;Cognition disorders;Carotid endarterectomy;Carotid artery stenting;Review
100029北京市,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科
畢齊,100029北京市,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科;E-mail:biqidoctor@163.com
R 543.5
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2016.23.027
2015-12-21;
2016-04-22)