非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞對(duì)比教學(xué)

徐桂玲

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法在高考題中所占比重很大，如何讓學(xué)生輕松掌握它們的用法，在考試中能熟練應(yīng)用呢？作為教師，我通過(guò)分析例句，采用對(duì)比的方法來(lái)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生理解和應(yīng)用，經(jīng)過(guò)多年的實(shí)踐總結(jié)，教學(xué)效果非常好。

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式、過(guò)去分詞。現(xiàn)依據(jù)它們?cè)诰渥又械某煞謥?lái)進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析：

一、動(dòng)名詞、不定式做主語(yǔ)

1. 時(shí)間上有區(qū)別

Playing with fire is dangerous.（動(dòng)名詞具有泛時(shí)性、經(jīng)常性。）

To play with fire will be dangerous.（不定式具有一次性、后時(shí)性。）

（2014湖南卷）______（understand） your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.（答案Understanding，動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)。）

2. 形式上有區(qū)別

To learn English well is not easy.

=It is not easy to learn English well.（不定式可以轉(zhuǎn)化為it做形式主語(yǔ)。）

（2015吉林模擬卷）I think it is a great honor___（invite）to visit your country.（答案to be invited，不定式做主語(yǔ)。）

（2014山東卷）Its standard practice for a company like this one （employ）a security officer. （答案to employ，不定式做主語(yǔ)。）

注意： It is +adj of/for sb. to do——形容詞是修飾人的，用介詞of；是修飾事物的，用for，常用的修飾人的詞有careless， clever， considerate， stupid， nice， silly， foolish， good， impolite， kind， naughty.

eg.①I(mǎi)t is very kind of you to tell me the truth.

②His arriving added to our excitement.

注意：動(dòng)名詞除以下幾種句型外，不可轉(zhuǎn)為it做形式主語(yǔ)。

It is no use /no good/no fun doing...

二、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、不定時(shí)、過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)

My job is cleaning all the desks.（動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ)表示泛時(shí)性和經(jīng)常性，主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)可互換。）

He is cleaning all the desks.（現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。）

My next task is to clean all the desks.（不定式表示后時(shí)性。）

No one is paid at the end of every month.（過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)，但也有不表示被動(dòng)而表示狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作、結(jié)果的，如：be married， be dressed， be changed。）

注意：下列詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)常用不定式做表語(yǔ)，wish， aim， goal， hope， idea， plan， purpose， suggestion， next.

eg. The next measure is to match kinds of food with animals.

三、動(dòng)名詞、不定式做賓語(yǔ)

（2014江西卷）When it comes to____（speak） in public， no one can match him.（答案speaking，做介詞賓語(yǔ)。）

（2014陜西卷） Its quite hot today. Do you feel like

（go）for a swim.（答案going，做fell like的賓語(yǔ)。）

1. 后接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞

hope wish want agree promise （三個(gè)希望兩答應(yīng)）

demand ask refuse （兩個(gè)要求莫答應(yīng)）

manage learn decide determine （設(shè)法學(xué)會(huì)做決定）

fail pretend choose （不能假裝在選擇）

long expect offer afford （期待主動(dòng)能擔(dān)負(fù)）

2.接不定式和動(dòng)名詞沒(méi)有區(qū)別的

begin / continue / like /love /prefer / start /hate ，但begin， start在以下三種情況下接不定式：①主語(yǔ)是事物， ②本身是進(jìn)行時(shí)be starting to do ，③ 不定式是表示心理狀態(tài)的start to see/realize/understand.

3. 接不定式和動(dòng)名詞在意義上有區(qū)別的

forget/remember/regretdoing 發(fā)生過(guò)的事 to do 沒(méi)發(fā)生的事

try to do 盡力做

try doing嘗試做

go on to do 繼續(xù)做另一件事

go on doing繼續(xù)做同一件事

stop to do停下來(lái)做另一件事

stop doing不要做

mean to do打算做

mean doing 意味著

四、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、不定式做定語(yǔ)，一般都是單詞做定語(yǔ)置前，短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)置后

1. the waiting room （動(dòng)名詞表用途。）

the sleeping boy （現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)或正在進(jìn)行。）

a broken glass （過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)或動(dòng)作完成。）

2.The house to be built next year. （將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。）

The house built last year. （已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。）

The house being built now.（正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。）

（2014浙江卷）Amie Salmon， disabled， is attended throughout her school days by a nurse_______（appoint）to guard her.（答案appointed ，做a nurse的定語(yǔ)。）

（2014北京卷）Last night， there were millions of people_____（watch）the opening ceremony live on TV.（答案watching，現(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ)。）

（2014北京卷） There are still many problems_______（solve）before we are ready for a long stay on the moon.（答案to be solved，做problem的定語(yǔ)，表后時(shí)性。）

（2015鄭州模擬卷）Shanghai Disneyland Park，_______（complete）in 2015，will attract tourists from all over China then.（答案to be completed，做定語(yǔ)，表后時(shí)性。）

3. have sth. to do /have sth. to be done（主語(yǔ)是施動(dòng)者用主動(dòng)，否則用被動(dòng)。）

eg. ①The babys mother had some clothes to wash.

②The baby had some clothes to be washed.

4. 當(dāng)名詞被the first/the second/the next/the last/the only修飾時(shí)，常用to do 做定語(yǔ)。

eg.①She is always the first one to come.

②He was the only waiter to know the truth.

五、過(guò)去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式做賓補(bǔ)（看賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)的關(guān)系。）

The lady went out， with housework finished.（過(guò)去分詞與賓語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。）

The lady went out， with the baby crying.（現(xiàn)在分詞與賓語(yǔ)是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。）

The lady went out， with the door open.（形容詞表賓語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)。）

The lady went out， with some food to buy.（不定式表后時(shí)性。）

（2015石家莊模擬卷）Marry received an invitation to the Christmas party， but with her homework ______（finish）， she refused it unwillingly.（答案unfinished，做賓補(bǔ)。）

六、過(guò)去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式做狀語(yǔ)

（2014福建卷）______（spend）the past year as an exchange student in Hongkong， Linda appears more mature than those of her age.（答案Having spent，做狀語(yǔ)。）

1. 過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化的形容詞做狀語(yǔ)，多為反身動(dòng)詞

Dressed in red， she looks young for her age.

Dressing herself in red， she looks young for her age.

2.分詞的懸垂現(xiàn)象

The book has sold one million a year， making it the most popular.（making 與句子之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。）

3. 不定式做狀語(yǔ)

eg. To catch the early bus， he gets up early every day.（目的狀語(yǔ)。）

Im glad to see you.（原因狀語(yǔ)。）

The book is hard to understand. （方式狀語(yǔ)。）

He hurried to the station， only to find the train had left.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，出乎意料的結(jié)果。）

七、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法

1. 獨(dú)立主格

Spring coming， the fields are full of life. （coming 與邏輯主語(yǔ)spring 之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。）

The man went out of the room， food in mouth.

The workers went home from work， with their task finished.（finished與task之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。）

I have no time to see a film， with a lot of clothes to wash.（to wash表示要做的事。）

2.compare 的用法（compare to只用過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)；compare...to...做狀語(yǔ)依據(jù)和句子主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系，主動(dòng)關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過(guò)去分詞。）

eg. ①Compared to/with his car， my car can stand long distance.

②Comparing my car with yours， I cant find the difference.

3.分詞的連詞化。以下分詞起到連詞的作用：considering /granted/ granting /provided /providing/ supposing/

assuming /seeing that.

eg. Supposing I have free time， I will go to see my grandmother.

4.分詞的介詞化。以下分詞起到介詞的作用：concerning /considering /including /counting/saving/given

eg. Most young men like popular stars， including me.

5.評(píng)價(jià)性狀語(yǔ)（有些分詞和不定式可以做獨(dú)立成分，用來(lái)解釋整個(gè)句子，不受句子主語(yǔ)的限制。）

generally speaking/ strictly speaking/ personally speaking/ exactly speaking/ judging from/ judging by/ taking everything into consideration/ not to say/ to say nothing of.../not to mention/to be frank/ to be honest/ strange to say/to make matters worse/etc.

eg. ① Judging from his actions， Jims words is true.

② Generally speaking， girls are more careful than boys.

以上是我對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的對(duì)比教學(xué)內(nèi)容，高考題可以逐年更新，教法很明顯地體現(xiàn)出來(lái)了：通過(guò)例句對(duì)比分析，有助于學(xué)生對(duì)用法的理解和應(yīng)用，在用中學(xué)，才能更好地學(xué)以致用。