《黃帝內經》心系疾病語篇譯法的翻譯比較初探

江楠　吳偉

510405　廣州中醫藥大學第一附屬醫院心內科

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·中醫英譯·

《黃帝內經》心系疾病語篇譯法的翻譯比較初探

江楠吳偉

510405廣州中醫藥大學第一附屬醫院心內科

【摘要】《黃帝內經》為中醫典籍的經典之作，書中有關心系疾病語篇的論述對后世醫家產生了深遠的影響。本文以李照國教授和伊爾扎·威斯女士兩人的《內經》英譯本為藍本，進行翻譯的比較研究，初步探討英國語言學家韓禮德教授的銜接理論中“詞項銜接”法在心系疾病語篇翻譯中的應用，以期開辟中醫藥翻譯領域中典籍語篇譯法的新視角。

【關鍵詞】黃帝內經；心系疾病；銜接理論；英譯；語篇

英國著名語言學家韓禮德教授(M.A.K Halliday)(1925- )是英語系統功能語言學的奠基人，他所創立的銜接理論對語言學的教與學產生了深遠的影響。《黃帝內經》奠定了中醫學理論體系的基礎，為中醫典籍的經典之作。古今中外，很多翻譯家紛紛對其進行過深入的研究和探索，留下了眾多的譯本。

本文以李照國教授和伊爾扎·威斯女士兩人的《內經》英譯本為藍本，進行翻譯的比較研究，初步探討韓禮德教授的銜接理論中“詞項銜接”法在心系疾病語篇翻譯中的應用，以期為中醫藥翻譯領域中典籍語篇的譯法開辟新的研究視角。

1系統功能語言學理論

韓禮德(M.A.K Halliday)(1925- )是英國著名的語言學家、語言學教授。他師從倫敦學派，在后天的研究中不斷吸收其他學派之所長，在許多語言理論和應用研究領域中建樹眾多。他提出了著名的“系統功能語言學”，對語言學的教與學產生了深遠的影響。

系統功能學理論強調從功能角度來看待語言，“任何一個篇章都可以被賦予一個特定的功能，即它完全是，至少主要是，為了實現某個交際目的”[1]。該理論認為，語言系統有三大功能(如圖1)：概念功能(ideational metafunction)、人際功能(interpersonal metafunction)和篇章功能(textual metafunction)。“篇章功能”是一個語義概念，其長度可以從一個詞到一篇文章，它既使篇章內部銜接，也使它跟外部情景語境銜接。篇章的功能可以劃分為：結構性功能和非結構性功能。前者主要由主位結構和信息結構組成，而后者主要體現為銜接。

圖1　語言系統的三大功能

2語篇銜接理論中的“詞項銜接”法

銜接可以分為兩種類型：一類是語法銜接(grammatical cohesion)，另一類是詞項銜接(lexical cohesion)。詞項銜接指篇章內詞匯的選擇對組織結構所起的作用(Lexical cohesion refers to the role played by the selection of vocabulary in organizing relations within a text[2])，包括相同、相似、相近和相反，它表達一種意義關系。

詞項銜接分為兩類(如圖2)：復現(reiteration)和詞匯搭配(collocation)。復現表示銜接紐帶一端出現一個項目后，其另一端由相同、更概括、同義等詞匯占據的現象，如：重復(repetition)、同義詞(synonymy)、反義詞(antonymy)、上下義詞(hyponymy)、局部-整體關系(meronymy)等[3]。詞匯搭配表示通常出現在同一個語義場的項目同現的現象(Collocation …… involves a pair of lexical items that are associated with each other in the language in some way[4])。

圖2　銜接關系——詞項銜接

3“詞項銜接”法在《黃帝內經》心系疾病語篇翻譯中的應用

《黃帝內經》奠定了中醫學理論體系的基礎，為中醫典籍的經典之作。古今中外很多翻譯學家對其進行過深入的研究和探索，留下了眾多的譯本。本文將李照國教授《內經》全譯本(以下簡稱“李譯”)和美國約翰·霍普金斯大學醫學史研究所伊爾扎·威斯女士(Ilza Veith)《內經》英譯本(以下簡稱“威譯”)進行對比翻譯研究，探討“詞項銜接”法在心系疾病語篇翻譯中的應用。

例1病在心，愈在長夏，長夏不愈，甚于冬，冬不死，持于春，起于夏，禁溫食熱衣。心病者，愈在戊已，戊已不愈，加于壬癸，壬癸不死，持于甲乙，起于丙丁。心病者，日中慧，夜半甚，平旦靜。心欲耎，急食咸以耎之，用咸補之，甘瀉之。(《素問·臟氣法時論篇第二十二》)

李譯[5]：Disease of the heart heals in late summer. If failing to heal in late summer, it will be worsened in winter. If it does not lead to death in winter, [it will be] stable in spring and improved in summer. [It is important] to avoid hot-natured food and warm clothes. Heart disease heals in [the days of] Wu and Ji. If failing to heal in [the days of] Wu and Ji, it will be worsened in the days of Ren and Gui. If it does not lead to death in the days of Ren and Gui, it becomes stable in [the days of] Jia and Yi and improved in [the days of] Bing and Ding. Heart disease gets improved in the noon, worsened in the midnight and calms down in the morning. [Since] the heart needs to be softened, [the treatment of heart disease] requires immediate use of salty flavor to soften and supplement and sweet flavor to purge.

威譯[6]：When the disease is located within the heart it should improve during the long Summer. If it does not improve during the long Summer, it becomes graver in Winter. If in Winter death does not follow, it can be warded off in Spring; but the disease will arise again in Summer. Then one should avoid eating hot food and wearing clothes that produce heat.

Those who suffer from a disease of the heart should be cured during the period of the celestial stems wu chi. When the improvement has not taken place during the period of wu chi, it will be the same in the period of jên kuei; and when death does not strike during the period of the celestial stems jên kuei, it can be warded off during the period of the celestial stems chia i. But the disease arises again during the period of the celestial stems ping ting.

Those who suffer from a sick heart are animated and quick-witted at noon, around midnight their spirits are heightened, and in the early morning they are peaceful and quiet. A (sick) heart has the tendency to soften and to weaken. Then one should quickly eat salty food to make the heart pliable. One uses salty food in connection with the heart in order to supplement and to strengthen it, and one uses sweet food in order to drain and to dispel.

李譯文開頭disease和heal，后面的hot-natured food 和 warm clothes分別構成兩組詞項銜接，“疾病”和“治愈”、“溫食”和“熱衣”往往成對出現，構成搭配關系。同一句中，…heals in late summer和…heal in late summer構成原詞重復的詞項銜接手法。… worsened in winter 中的worsened和前句heal構成一組反義詞銜接，in winter和下句…lead to death in winter 也構成一組原詞重復的詞項銜接。這兩組原詞重復構成的詞項銜接是“愈在長夏，長夏不愈，甚于冬，冬不死…”的譯文，原文使用了頂真的修辭手法，將其處理為詞項銜接的譯法，既保留了原文的修辭特色，又起到前后呼應的作用。與此相同，“愈在戊已，戊已不愈，加于壬癸，壬癸不死…”也采用了相同的譯法，使語句之間形成環環相扣、回環往復的音韻之美if failing to heal…、if failing to heal in the days of…中if failing to do是原詞重復的詞項銜接。Heart disease gets improved…和Since the heart…全篇開始處disease of the heart 構成“心病”一詞的原詞重復，變換了詞語的形式，有效地避免了譯文的單調。結尾句“補之”和“瀉之”構成一組反義詞的詞項銜接，譯為to supplement和to purge，二者構成結構相同、含義相反的結構，形式整齊又不失譯文的古韻。

威譯文中也多次使用詞項銜接，以求內容整體上的完整連貫。第一段中的improve和graver，warded off和avoid是兩組反義詞銜接，分別對應原文“(痊)愈”和“甚(加重之意)”、“持(病情穩定)”和“起(好轉)”。第二段結尾句中arise呼應第一段中的warded off，也構成反義銜接，在深層次上使兩個語段的語義相互聯系，保持語義在讀者心目中的完整性和有效性。下文中take place和strike為同義詞銜接。第三段結尾處的to supplement and to strengthen和 to drain and to dispel翻譯“補之”“瀉之”，與李譯本有異曲同工之妙。在搭配詞匯銜接方面，文中也出現了多處，如hot food and wearing clothes，animated and quick-witted以及peaceful and quiet。此外，也使用了很多重復詞匯銜接，如improve during the long Summer，the disease，during the period of等。

例2心病者，胸中痛，脅支滿，脅下痛，膺背肩甲間痛，兩臂內痛，虛則胸腹大，脅下與腰相引而痛。取其經，少陰太陽，舌下血者。其變病，刺郄中血者。(《素問·臟氣法時論第二十二》)

李譯[5]：Heart disease is characterized by pain in the chest, distending hypochondriac fullness, hypochondriac pain, pain involving the chest, back and scapula as well as pain of the medial sides of the arms. Xu (Deficiency) [of the heart] leads to distension of the chest and abdomen as well as referred pain in the hypochondrium and waist. [To treat this disease, the Acupoints located on] the Shaoyin and Taiyang [can be selected] and the sublingual [vessel is pricked] to let out blood. [If] the disease has changed, [it can be treated by] pricking Xizhong to let out blood.

威譯[6]：Sickness of the heart causes pains within the breast extending over the branches of the ribs. It causes pains below the ribs (flanks) and upon the breast. The top of the shoulders and the spaces between the fingernails hurt, and there are pains within both arms. And the entire region extending from the ribs to the flanks is affected and full of pain.

(In order to cure the heart) one should select from the vascular system those arteries which are controlled by the lesser Yin and the great Yang, and the blood which is contained underneath the root of the tongue. Their changes indicate the diseases. One must pierce (with acupuncture) the spot which causes the disorder in order to reach the blood which is contained therein.

李譯文開篇處提到…characterized by pain in the chest，即“(胸中)痛”，此后原文多次提及疼痛，如“(脅下)痛”“(膺背肩甲間)痛” “(兩臂內)痛”“(脅下與腰)相引而痛”，在譯文中體現為hypochondriac pain, pain involving the chest，pain of the medial sides of the arms，referred pain in the hypochondrium and waist，各處pain在此為原詞重復的詞項銜接。其后To treat this disease 和if the disease has changed都是呼應開篇提及的主題heart disease,故也為原詞重復的詞項銜接。在中醫理論中，心與小腸相表里，那么Shaoyin and Taiyang中Shaoyin(手少陰心經)和Taiyang(手太陽小腸經)為搭配銜接。pricking Xizhong to let out blood里pricking(刺)和 let out blood(放血)是中醫的治法——“刺絡放血”，故此處兩次也構成搭配銜接關系。To treat this disease和 it can be treated by 中treated 為treat的被動語態形式，二者構成變體重復的詞項銜接。同理，sublingual vessel is pricked和pricking Xizhong中pricked和pricking都是動詞prick的分詞形式，亦為變體重復的詞項銜接。

威譯文中，第二句below the ribs and upon the breast 中ribs和breast呼應第一句中的the branches of the ribs, within the breast,為原詞重復的詞項銜接。Sickness of the heart causes pains和其后的 it causes pains, there are pains within both arms，…is affected and full of pain中的pain(s)構成原詞重復的詞項銜接。the entire region中entire region是其后from the ribs to the flanks的上義詞，二者構成上下義詞的詞項銜接關系。their changes indicate…中changes 指上文提到的“胸腹脹大，脅下與腰背部牽引作痛等癥狀”，是上下義詞的詞項銜接。Their changes indicate the diseases中the diseases和the spot which causes the disorder中the disorder都是指“此病”，為同義詞的詞項銜接。

4結語

韓禮德教授主張“銜接理論是非結構性成分在跨句際意義聯系上的體現”[7]，這種理論在譯文的布局謀篇上具有十分重要的意義。筆者將其運用于中醫典籍《黃帝內經》心系疾病的語篇分析中，能夠從深層次上更客觀地剖析譯本所采取的翻譯策略，掌握構建語篇內容的語言。

在今后的翻譯實踐中，譯者要有意識地運用詞項銜接的翻譯策略，加強譯文語篇內在的邏輯聯系和語義聯系，將重“意合”的古文原文巧妙地轉化成層層鋪展、環環相扣的“形合”語篇，在帶給讀者以美的享受的同時，也為更好地推動中醫翻譯的發展、促進中醫對外交流、傳播中醫文化提供了一種全新的途徑。

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(收稿日期：2015-05-19) 2015-11-19)

【中圖分類號】H059

【文獻標識碼】A

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-1749.2016.03.027

作者簡介:江楠(1987- )，女，博士。研究方向：中醫藥防治心血管病、中醫英語翻譯。E-mail:roupangguier@sohu.com