楊春吉 劉洪賢
高考英語寫作除了要求考生書寫規范、卷面整潔、詞數適當、語言得體、要點全面以外,表達上“清晰達意”被視為基本要求。但是,考生若能靈活運用“變式”表達手法,運用復合句、固定句型、特殊句式及固定結構使句子的呈現形式“新穎別致”,便更能吸引閱卷老師的眼球,得分會更高。在文章的架構上,適當運用相應的“層遞詞(也稱過渡詞)”,會使作品層次井然,嚴謹規整,更加生輝溢彩。
一、運用以下“變式”手段可以提升作品的語言風采,增強感染力
1. 運用復合句表情達意,使行文句式多變,錯落有致。英語中的復合句主要包括狀語從句、定語從句及名詞性從句三大類。運用時要遵從“適時、實用、靈活”的原則,不宜造結構層次過于復雜的長難句。同學們在復習備考過程中,首先要精通相關的語法知識,其次要進行足量的英漢互譯練習,提高英漢互譯能力,最后,在寫作訓練中靈活運用相關的復合句進行變式表達,練就舉一反三的表達能力。
原句:In the past years,many people have died from lung cancer caused by smoking. (簡單句,通俗易懂)
修改:Smoking contributes to lung cancer, from which many people have died in the past years.(非限制性定語從句,句式靈活)
2. 靈活運用常用句型、固定句式,提升表達檔次,凸顯寫作實力。常用的句型、固定句式有:it作形式主語或形式賓語句型,it強調句型,there be句型,not only ... but also,either ... or,neither ... nor等。其中,it的句型最多,在寫作時應用最廣泛,同學們在備考時要加強積累和運用。
原句:Students often play games and send messages to each other with their mobile phones, and it wastes their much time. (并列句,重復單調)
修改:It is a waste of time for students to play games and send messages to each other by mobile phone. (it作形式主語,緊湊規整)
3. 適當運用倒裝句,避免陳述句運用頻繁導致的單一、呆板之感,增強行文活力。在倒裝句中,so ... that的倒裝句型、only后跟副詞 / 介詞短語 / 狀語從句的倒裝結構、not ... until的倒裝結構最常用。
原句:We can keep up with the pace of social development by reading extensively. (陳述語序,平淡無奇)
修改:Only when we read extensively can we keep up with the pace of social development.(倒裝語序,重點突出)
原句:I was so excited that I couldnt wait to try my hand at riding my new bike. (陳述語序,語氣舒緩)
修改:So excited was I that I couldnt wait to try my hand at riding my new bike.(倒裝語序,凸顯氣勢)
4. 適時運用簡化、省略、替代手法,使行文緊湊,言簡意賅,表達給力。簡化手段主要用于分詞(包括現在分詞和過去分詞)詞組作狀語時。省略手段主要用于:當從句主語與主句主語一致,且從句的謂語由be構成時,從句的主語及be動詞可以省略。替代通常指it / that / ones的承前替代,do / does / did的承前替代,so用于think / suppose / expect / believe / imagine / hope / fear / guess / be afraid 等之后的承前替代,if any / if so / if not 的替代用法等。寫作時,同學們要根據具體情況靈活運用上述寫作手法。
原句:When we use an iPad,we can listen to music,download a lot of learning materials and read them on the screen. (主從復合句,冗長疏松)
修改:Using an iPad,we can listen to music,download a lot of learning materials and read them on the screen.(分詞詞組作狀語,簡潔緊湊)
原句:When I was walking along the street yesterday,I came across a car accident. (主從復合句,慣常表達)
修改:When walking along the street yesterday,I came across a car accident.(時間狀語從句的省略用法,意思明確)
原句:Some experts and teachers think listening test in the National Matriculation English Test should be canceled and I think it should be canceled,too.(并列句,單調冗余)
修改:Some experts and teachers think listening test in the National Matriculation English Test should be canceled and I think so.(so替代前文相同內容,言簡意賅)
二、運用以下“連綴”方式可以優化作品的行文架構,提升作品魅力
1. 巧用篇章結構“層遞詞”,使文章結構錯落有致,渾然一體。尤其是議論文寫作,考生依據論點、結合論據進行逐層論證時,層遞詞是必不可少的,否則會給人一種“雜亂無章”之感,高考閱卷老師在閱卷時非常注重這一點。
表示并列關系:and,also,as well,too,either,as well as,not only ... but also, either ... or,neither ... nor,not ... but,some ... others,the former ... the latter,etc.
表示層次關系:first,second,and third;first of all,secondly,thirdly,besides,finally;for one thing,for another;on the one hand... ,on the other hand ...,etc.
表示因果關系:since,as,so,because (of),now that,in that,thanks to,due to,owing to,therefore,as a result of,result from,etc.
表示條件關系:if,unless,once,only if,without,on the condition that,as / so long as, supposing,providing,in case,otherwise,etc.
表示轉折關系:but,however,yet,while,nevertheless,on the contrary,even so,etc.
表示讓步關系:though,although,in spite of,despite,regardless of,even though / if,etc.
表示舉例列舉:for instance,for example,like,such as,namely,take ... for example, etc.
表示歸納總結:on the whole,in conclusion,in a word,in brief,in summary,in short, all in all,at last,in general,eventually,after all,to sum up,etc.
2. 適當使用with的復合結構、獨立主格結構,亮點呈現,令人夸贊。with的復合結構及獨立主格結構實質上是狀語從句的“變式”運用,屬于高級表達。同學們在備考時必須熟悉這兩類特殊語法結構的特點及用法,利用英漢互譯練習進行強化鞏固,寫作時要適時使用。若運用不熟練,可用相應的狀語從句代替,不可強求,以免弄巧成拙,導致扣分。
原句:Because so many people communicate with mobile phones every day,it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of mobile phones.(主從復合句,不夠緊湊)
修改:With so many people communicating with mobile phones every day,it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of mobile phones.(with的復合結構,簡潔高級)
原句:After we spend our high school life,most of us will enter universities or colleges for a higher education.(主從復合句,一般表達)
修改:High school life over,most of us will enter universities or colleges for a higher education.(獨立主格結構,新穎別致)
當然,運用上述方式提升作品感染力的同時,還要牢記寫作規范。為了方便同學們記憶,特編制順口溜如下:細審題,辨體裁,定人稱,明時態;寫日記,同漢語;寫書信,套格式;圖表題,研圖細,寫人記事按順序;演講稿,口語化,語言通俗須得體;議論文,重層次,“三段論”模式須牢記;詞數要求是根本,適當發揮須扣題。高考閱卷具有“限時限量”的要求,閱卷時閱卷老師通常以圈定“寫作要點”為主,要點全面,表述正確即達到二類卷資格。若篇章結構嚴謹,且行文高級表達運用恰到好處,則一類卷非你莫屬。(責任編校 彭益)