□ 文/ 阿拉明塔?塞蒂亞瓦蒂
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2016年印尼紡織業是否前景可觀?
□ 文/ 阿拉明塔?塞蒂亞瓦蒂

2015年,印尼經濟增長放緩對若干行業所產生的消極沖擊接連不斷,其中,紡織品行業(TPT)便是受到波及的行業之一。鑒于擺脫這一艱難困境的短線上漲動力不夠強勁,印尼紡織品行業的發展預計會在2016年全年保持低迷態勢。
全球經濟復蘇前景仍撲朔迷離。同時,印尼國內經濟也未有好轉跡象。印尼紡織協會 (API) 主席埃德·蘇德拉查對未來一年紡織品業發展的持續增長持悲觀態度。
截至2015年10月,印尼紡織品業的發展并不盡如人意,其國內生產總值與2014年同期相比出現通貨緊縮(6.1%的負增長率)。總體而言,這就意味著2015年印尼紡織業的國內生產總值比制造業更為慘淡:制造業的國內生產總值增長率為4.3%,而印尼國內生產總值增長率則為4.7%。
就全球經濟環境而言,國際貨幣基金組織已將2016全球經濟增長率由此前預計的3.6%下調至3.4%。無獨有偶,美國預計其2016年的經濟增長率僅為2.6%。由于全球經濟形勢對印尼紡織品業的出口影響巨大,因此,這一增長預計將對印尼紡織品業產生影響,尤其是以歐洲和美國為主要出口市場的紡織品行業。
通常情況下,印尼對美國、歐洲的出口額分別占其總出口額的31%和16%,遠遠超出其對東盟國家和日本的出口份額。2015年,印尼紡織品業出口總額預計突破129億美元,與2014年的126.8億美元相比,呈下跌趨勢,而與2014年同期相比,通貨緊縮率為5.3%左右。
但是,截至2015年10月,印尼紡織品出口總額僅為102億美元,完成預期目標的77%左右。究其原因,有一部分是因為印尼出口產品要與其他競爭對手的產品相抗衡,尤其是出口至歐美市場上的越南生產的服裝。
越南勞動力成本相當便宜,因其產品生產成本并未受到勞動力成本的極大限制,所以價格相對較低,這與印尼當前的發展現狀形成一定的反差。對東南亞諸國中最大的經濟體印尼來說,除了原材料成本上漲以外,產品的生產成本也受到日趨昂貴的勞動力成本的困擾。另外,盧比不斷貶值,印尼許多公司因不堪重負紛紛倒閉,這是情理之中的事。日益攀高的生產成本影響到了印尼的各行各業(尤其是紡織品業),各大行業迫于壓力,紛紛裁員。
例如,印尼紡織協會的觀察報告顯示,2015年1月至5月期間,萬隆四大轄區內的紡織品業裁員6000人。試想一下,倘若此類裁員事件發生在爪哇島,將會有幾萬甚至幾十萬紡織工人下崗。印尼紡織協會稱,實質上,通常采取臨時裁員的行業,經營狀況并不景氣。
另外,印尼紡織品的市場競爭力每況愈下。據印尼中央統計局有關數據顯示,僅2014年,印尼紡織品在世界市場上的競爭力水平就下降了1.3%。相比之下,越南紡織品的競爭力水平則同比增長1.8%。印尼紡織品的競爭力水平不僅在世界市場上有所下降,在歐美市場上亦是如此,分別下降3% 和25%。
印尼貿易部長托馬斯·倫邦談及印尼在紡織品、鞋類行業最大的競爭對手時表示,越南是印尼紡織業的一大威脅。自越南加入“跨太平洋伙伴關系協定”以來,這一判斷更得到證實。他指出,印尼與越南之間的競爭愈演愈烈,同時,越南現已完成與歐盟在自由貿易協定方面的談判。這就意味著越南產品將進入歐洲市場。對越南來說,歐洲的市場潛力甚至超過美國以及其他20多個國家。倫邦貿易部長解釋稱,在“跨太平洋伙伴關系協定”框架下,美國領導下的12個成員國有望迅速占據全球市場份額的40%。如此一來,印尼渴望加入“跨太平洋伙伴關系協定”,不足為奇。這一夙愿預計會在未來兩年內得以實現。
從另一方面來說,印尼投資協調委員會有關國內外紡織品行業的投資規劃的記錄給人以啟迪。印尼投資協調委員會稱,縱觀2015年,印尼國內外投資規劃顯著增加。針對這一增長態勢可能對2016年勞動密集型投資產生的推動作用,該委員會作出了積極評估。2015年上半年,紡織品各子領域的投資收益的正增長趨勢尤為明顯。例如,紡織纖維加工業中82個項目的投資增額收益率為213%,約合24億盧比(折合1.76億美元);紡織制造業中25個項目的投資增額收益率為613%,約合1630億盧比;服裝行業的投資增額收益率為16%,約合9410億盧比;服裝面料行業中15個項目的投資增額收益率為563%,約合2160億盧比。
正如2015年紡織品行業規范許可證的相關數據所顯示的那樣,印尼紡織品業投資規劃價值13.1萬億盧比,較去年上漲68%。印尼投資協調委員會主席弗朗基表示,印尼紡織品業的這一數據包括新增101000紡織工人的就業率在內。2016年,這些投資規劃的落實有望為印尼政府設定的創造200萬個就業崗位的目標作出積極貢獻。
印尼投資協調委員會公布的投資數據顯示,印尼紡織品行業的復蘇仍有希望。然而,只有印尼政府采取措施并給予支持,紡織品行業才會實現復蘇。目前,印尼政府正通過打造民族品牌、建立棉線物流基地等舉措以確保紡織品必備原料的有效供應。隨著深層次一攬子經濟政策的出臺,紡織品行業投資及產業發展將實現持續增長。此外,由于燃氣、電和柴油價格下跌,紡織品產業競爭力總體上極有可能得到提升。同時,印尼政府通過大力控制進口、借助零關稅政策穩固國內市場等措施,鼓勵紡織品行業提高經濟效益。印尼政府采取的政策還包括:強制推行印尼國家標準(SNI),采購商品和服務時使用國內產品,重組紡織品、鞋類行業機器設備等。
許志亮 譯
作者系印度尼西亞曼迪利銀行行業分析師
Indonesia Unveils “Big Bang” for Foreign Investment
By Nicholas Owen and Fransiska Nangoy
I ndonesia opened dozens of sectors to foreign investors in what President Joko Widodo has described as a “Big Bang” liberalisation of its economy, Southeast Asia’s largest.
President Joko Widodo’s administration loosened foreign investment restrictions on everything from restaurants and agriculture to health facilities and movie theatres.
“Today’s revisions represent our largest opening to international investment in 10 years,” Trade Minister Tom Lembong told Reuters.
“More international investment will bring more capital, more world-class expertise, more technologies to Indonesia.Domestic players must seize those opportunities.”
Twenty-nine sectors including restaurants and the movie industry were removed from the “negative investment list”(DNI) altogether, meaning that foreigners can operate in those areas without restrictions.
The negative investment list sets out which parts of Indonesia’s economy are partially or fully closed to foreign investors, who in recent years have complained of rising economic protectionism and nationalism as they look to expand into the market of more than 250 million people.
Widodo told in an interview he was opening up more room for foreigners in the latest of 10 policy packages since last September aimed at stimulating the economy, which grew by 4.8 per cent last year, the slowest since the 2009 global crisis.
The investment revisions were supposed to come out in early January, but Widodo postponed the announcement because he was not satisfied that the reform was radical enough, Lembong said.
The announcement was not all about opening up Indonesia’s industries, however.Nineteen sectors, including low-tech construction, were added to the list of industries with foreign investment restrictions.
Although foreign direct investment into Indonesia has risen in recent years, it remains among the lowest in Southeast Asia in relation to total investment and gross domestic product.
Foreign investors have pushed for years for a greater access to opportunities in Indonesia’s vast domestic market, valued at some $840 billion.
Foreign businesses applauded the latest move as a sign that Widodo was moving in the right direction.
“This will help restore confidence that Indonesia is open for business,” said Adrian Short, chairman of the British Chamber of Commerce in Jakarta.
But he stressed that “implementation of the regulations will be key.”Lin Neumann, head of the American chamber, also said the reforms were a step in the right direction but the proof would be how investors arriving in newly opened sectors are greeted.
“We’ve gone through literally years of Indonesia closing down its economy to foreign investment, and so the leadership realises that in order to reach their goals they need foreign investors, but they have to make it possible for investors to be here, and that’s not always been the case,”he said.
Some local investors were less gushing about the reform, complaining that it had been rushed through without suffi cient consultation.
“In my opinion, the timeline to discuss the DNI was too short,” said Hariyadi Sukamdani, the chairman of Indonesian Employers Association (APINDO).
“Liberalisation may increase employment, taxes, etc.But we have to think about ownership, too.”
Resource: www.thepeninsulaqatar.com