馬楠楠 張彥雷 李建 劉曉東 肖晨偉
(北京林業大學,北京,100083) (武警森林指揮部)
?
黑龍江呼瑪縣森林火災時空分布特征1)
馬楠楠張彥雷李建劉曉東肖晨偉
(北京林業大學,北京,100083)(武警森林指揮部)
摘要根據黑龍江省呼瑪縣1992—2011年的森林火災統計數據,利用ArcGIS10.2等工具,對呼瑪縣森林火災發生的時間和空間分布規律以及火源類型進行了研究。結果顯示:時間分布上,該地區森林火災發生分為1992—1999年、2000—2005年、2006—2011年3個階段,2002—2005年為火災高發期,過火面積達303 992 hm2,占總過火面積的97.6%,主要是由于燒防火線引起的;1 a內火災集中發生在3—6月份和8—10月份,分別占全年火災發生的67%和33%,以3月份和10月份最為嚴重;空間分布上,火災多集中在北疆鄉和三卡鄉,共發生火災29起,占總火災次數的60.42%;在火源方面,67%的火災是由人為所引起的,通對公路緩沖區分析,發現有39.58%的火災發生在公路兩側2 000 m的范圍內,說明林火的分布與公路聯系密切。
關鍵詞森林火災;呼瑪縣;時空分布;火源
分類號S715.3
Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Forest Fire in Huma County of Heilongjiang Province//
Ma Nannan, Zhang Yanlei, Li Jian, Liu Xiaodong(Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China); Xiao Chenwei
(Chinese Arms Forest Police)//Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2016,44(5):20-23,56.
Based on data of forest fire statistics in Huma County from 1992 to 2011, a temporal and spatial distribution pattern of the forest fires as well as the fire source type was analyzed by using ArcGIS10.2. The forest fire history could be divided into three periods: 1992 to 1999, 2000 to 2005, and 2006 to 2011. It was the high fire occurrence stage during 2002 to 2005, and the burned area was 303 992 hm2in this period, accounting for 97.6% of the total fire area. The main fire source was caused by burning fire lines. Forest fire mainly occurred in March to June and August to October, accounting for 67% and 33%, respectively, especially in March and October. The spatial distribution patterns of forest fires were obvious. Most forest fires occurred in Beijiang Township and Sanka Township. There were 29 fires in the two regions, accounting for 60.42% of the total fire times. In the source of fire, 67% of fire was caused by human. It was found that 39.58% of forest fires occurred on both sides of the highway within the range of 2 000 m through the buffer analysis.
KeywordsForest fire; Huma county; Spatial and temporal pattern; Fire source
林火具有雙重性質,適度的火燒會促進林木的更新[1]。然而,森林火災的發生不僅會對森林生態系統造成毀滅性的傷害,還會威脅到人民群眾的生命財產安全[2-3]。隨著全球氣候變暖,人為活動的增加,森林火災的發生有上升的趨勢[4]。目前,大面積森林火災已被聯合國糧農組織列為當今世界第八大自然災害[5]。開展森林火災發生規律的研究,對于森林火災預防、撲救均具有重要意義。
美國、加拿大和西歐一些國家十分注重林火時空分布的研究,取得了豐富的成果,研究表明景觀格局與林火的蔓延、分布和影響關系密切[6-9]。……