駕駛艙人機(jī)工效綜合評價體系

傅山　王臻

摘要：本研究提出了一種基于多指標(biāo)客觀測量的方法實現(xiàn)對飛行中的人為因素的連續(xù)評價，同時該方法具有較好的診斷性，能夠為評審和設(shè)計提供參考。本方法中，所測量的客觀參量包含了眼動參數(shù)、生理參數(shù)、飛行員的控制行為和飛機(jī)的狀態(tài)。利用主成分分析方法這些參數(shù)被分別綜合入四個主要的方面來描述飛行任務(wù)中整個人在環(huán)系統(tǒng)的表現(xiàn)。其中眼動參數(shù)被綜合入飛行員的認(rèn)知活動方面，生理參數(shù)被綜合入飛行員的喚醒程度方面，飛行員的行為被綜合入控制活動方面，飛機(jī)的狀態(tài)參數(shù)被綜合入飛行績效方面。同時為了在駕駛艙顯控界面的設(shè)計與飛行安全之間建立起聯(lián)系，本研究建立了另外四個指標(biāo)分別用于描述認(rèn)知活動與飛行績效的相關(guān)性、控制活動與飛行績效的相關(guān)性、認(rèn)知活動與喚醒程度的相關(guān)性，以及控制活動與喚醒程度之間的相關(guān)性。本研究構(gòu)建了一個八維模式圖將以上指標(biāo)綜合起來直觀的顯示出來，對飛行任務(wù)中各個時刻的人為因素做出評價。

關(guān)鍵詞：人為因素；人機(jī)工效；主觀評價；工作負(fù)荷

Abstract：Modern aircraft is a man-machine-cooperate complex system. The issues which affect the aviation safety gradually become human factors. Statistical reports show that more than 70% of the civil aircraft accidents are caused by human because of the misuse， abuse and disuse of the automatic systems . Several studies have been made， trying to reveal the reasons of human induced safety issues. Many of them consider workload as a main reason. Studies show that too high or too low of workload would both have higher probability of human errors. The state of art workload measurement techniques are generally organized into three broad categories： subjective rating scales， task performance measures and psychophysiological measures. There are some disadvantages in the conventional workload measuring techniques. Subjective rating scales couldnt provide continuous evaluation in the flight task and the results could be affected by participants emotion and performance etc. The performance measures overlook the operators initiatives and effort. The mechanisms of the physiological reactions are complex， and the physiological measures could be easily contaminated by environmental changes such as illumination， pressure and vibration. We proposed a method to evaluate the human factors in a flight task based on multiple objective measures. In the presented method， the objective measures include the pilots eye activities， control activities， cardio-respiratory reactions and the flight status parameters. Principal component analysis was applied to integrate the above objective measures into four meaningful aspects. Meanwhile， in order to link the cockpit components （e.g. the displays and the control equipment） to the pilot and the flight performance， four correlation aspects were also considered which include the correlation between the pilots cognitive activity and the pilots arousal， the correlation between the pilots control activity and the pilots arousal， the correlation between the pilots cognitive activity and the flight performance and the correlation between the pilots control activity and the flight performance. These correlation aspects could provide diagnostic information in the assessment of the design of the cockpit components. We also constructed an eight-dimension pattern to integrate the above eight aspects and achieved an intuitive and continuous evaluation of the inflight human factors in the flight deck.

Keywords：Human Factor； Ergonomics； Subjective rating； Workload