白鎢資源綠色冶煉與高值開發利用技術

萬林生 聶華平 譚敦強

摘 要：本課題廢棄延續近百年的酸、堿冶煉工藝，對現行鎢冶煉體系進行革命性變革，創造了新一代“銨鹽不變體系白鎢閉路冶煉工藝”，并解決了工藝中的重大關鍵技術難題，創造了國內外全新的無酸堿閉路循環白鎢冶煉工藝體系，實現我國白鎢高效綠色冶煉的目標。同時采用不同等級的白鎢取代黑鎢作為生產原料來制備超細晶鎢基硬質合金棒料。在深入剖析相關原理的基礎上，調整或優化、改進鎢產品深加工生產工藝及工裝設備，對雜質元素進行精確控制，揚長避短，制備出了高性能的超細晶鎢基硬質合金棒料。 具體研究內容有：對白鎢礦的磷酸銨分解、磷酸銨回收、鎢酸銨體系深度脫磷、鎢酸銨溶液深度除鉬、錫、砷、硅、APT結晶母液回收、APT結晶氨尾氣回收等工藝過程進行了詳細的基礎研究和工藝研究，并建設完成了一條年產1000噸APT的白鎢冶煉示范生產線。同時，對采用不同等級的白鎢取代黑鎢作為生產原料來制備超細晶鎢基硬質合金棒料的關鍵技術進行了研究。研究了白鎢礦中雜質元素對硬質合金制備過程中不同階段產物形貌、晶粒度、結構、性能等的影響，剖析了白鎢中雜質元素在生產工藝中的作用機理，建立雜質元素對超細晶鎢基硬質合金組織、性能及生產工藝的影響機制；通過改進工裝設備、調節燒結壓力和添加微量抑制劑等工藝措施，開發出了超細硬質合金棒料雜質精確控制技術，以白鎢制備的APT為原料，制備出了硬質合金YG6。 生產線運行表明：白鎢礦不變體系閉路循環冶煉工藝制取的APT化學質量符合國家0級品標準。技術經濟指標與國內外先進技術比較表明：金屬回收率提高2.6%，達到98.1%。原輔材料消耗成本降低7200元/t？APT，各項指標優于國內外現行白鎢冶煉工藝。工藝過程可實現零排放，具有良好的經濟和環境效益前景。同時，高值利用部份的實驗結果表明：以白鎢為原料制備的YG6樣品物理性能達到了項目指標要求，其抗彎強度最高3056N/mm2，密度為14.91g/cm3，硬度91.5HRA。達到了采用黑鎢為原料制備的YG6樣品性能。

關鍵詞：鎢；白鎢礦；綠色冶煉；高值利用；硬質合金

This subject abandon the acid、alkali smelting process lasted for nearly one hundred years to achieve a revolutionary transformation of the tungsten smelting system， creating a new generation of“scheelite closed smelting process in ammonium invariant system”， and solves the key technical problems in the process ， creates the new no acid and alkali closed circulating scheelite smelting process system， to realize China's “High efficient& green goals” of scheelite smelting. At the same time， this subject study the preparation of ultrafine crystalline tungsten carbide bar with different grade of scheelite instead of black tungsten as the raw material. Based on the in-depth analysis of the principles， adjustment， improvement or optimization of tungsten products deep processing production process and equipment， the impurity elements for precise control， foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses， to produce high performance ultra fine grain tungsten carbide bar. The running of production line shows that： the chemical constant quality of APT which prepared in the closed loop smelting process system of scheelite with 0 grade national standard. Comparison shows that the technical and economic index and advanced technology at home and abroad： the metal recovery rate was improved by 2.6%， reaching 98.1%. Raw and auxiliary materials consumption and reduces the cost of 7200 yuan /t ？ APT， each index is better than the existing domestic and international white tungsten smelting process. The process can achieve zero emissions， has good prospects for economic and environmental benefits. At the same time， experimen results of high value utilization show that：the physical properties of YG6 samples prepared by scheelite meet project requirements， the bending strength up to 3056N/mm2， the density is 14.91g/cm3， the hardness of 91.5HRA. The YG6 properties of sample was prepared by using the black tungsten.

Key words：Tungsten；cheelite；Green smelting；High-value utilization；Hard alloy

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