景志剛董浩狄棟棟田莉莉范偉興
(1. 中國動物衛生與流行病學中心,青島 266032;2. 中國動物疫病預防控制中心,北京 102600)
重組酶聚合酶擴增技術研究進展
景志剛1董浩2狄棟棟1田莉莉1范偉興1
(1. 中國動物衛生與流行病學中心,青島 266032;2. 中國動物疫病預防控制中心,北京 102600)
重組酶聚合酶擴增(recombinase polymerase amplification,RPA)技術是一種新興的核酸恒溫擴增技術,具有靈敏度高、特異性強、反應快速等特點。利用RPA技術可以對核酸拷貝數進行絕對定量并且可以同時檢測多個靶標核酸序列,結合側流層析試紙條或熒光信號監測裝置等簡易實驗設備即可直接觀察檢測結果。就RPA技術的原理、發展、技術特點及其近年來在體外診斷、病原檢測等領域的研究進展作一綜述,旨在為該技術的深入研究和應用提供參考。
重組酶聚合酶擴增技術;核酸恒溫擴增;核酸檢測
核酸體外擴增是分子生物學、遺傳學、醫學等研究領域最常用的技術之一。其中聚合酶鏈式反應(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)以及在此基礎上發展的多重PCR、單分子PCR、實時熒光定量PCR等技術使用最為廣泛,但這些技術均依賴于控溫準確的熱循環儀器,限制了其在臨床現場檢測中的應用。核酸恒溫擴增技術由于不需反復熱變性,無需特殊儀器,反應速度更快,適合現場快速檢測,在生命科學研究及相關諸多領域已經得到了廣泛應用。
目前已有10余種核酸恒溫擴增技術,其中重組酶聚合酶擴增(recombinase polymerase amplification,RPA)是2006年由英國公司TwistDx Inc研發的一種核酸恒溫擴增技術[1]。RPA技術使用重組酶與引物結合形成的復合物能在模板上尋找同源序列,定位后就會引發鏈交換反應并啟動DNA合成,對模板上的目標區域進行指數式擴增。RPA技術可以在25-42℃恒溫條件下快速完成核酸擴增,產物可以通過探針法熒光定量進行實時監測,也可以與側流層析試紙條、生物芯片、凝膠電泳等多種方法相結合進行檢測[2-4]。目前基于RPA技術建立的檢測方法在疾病診斷、食品安全檢測、轉基因作物檢測、病原學檢測等多個領域的應用越來越廣泛。現就RPA技術的發展及其當前應用研究進展作一介紹。
RPA技術包括3種關鍵組分,分別是重組酶(如T4 uvsX、E.coli recA等)、單鏈結合蛋白(如T4 gp32等)和鏈置換DNA聚合酶(如B. subtilis Pol I、S. aureus Pol等)。RPA技術的原理,見圖1[5]:a.重組酶與長約30-35 nt的引物結合形成的復合物在雙鏈DNA模板中尋找靶位點;b. 復合物在模板上定位后可以直接引發鏈交換反應形成D-Loop結構,單鏈結合蛋白隨即結合被置換的DNA鏈,穩定形成的D-Loop結構并且防止引物解離;c. 重組酶-引物復合物主動水解體系中的ATP導致復合物構象改變,重組酶解離后引物3'端暴露并被DNA聚合酶識別,DNA聚合酶按照模板序列在引物3'末端添加相應堿基,DNA擴增啟動;d. 鏈置換DNA聚合酶在延伸引物的同時繼續解開模板的雙螺旋DNA結構,DNA合成過程繼續進行;e. 兩條引物擴增完成即形成一個完整的擴增子。RPA擴增體系中還含有T4 uvsY和Carbowax20M等成分,可以改變重組酶-引物復合體解離及重新結合的可逆反應過程,使反應向更有利于RPA的進行[1]。同時,RPA體系中可以加入反轉錄酶將RNA作為模板合成DNA后再進行擴增,使RPA可以同時應用于RNA的檢測[6,7]。按照上述體系建立的RPA反應體系一般稱為Basic-RPA。

圖1 RPA反應的原理示意圖
最初使用的RPA技術,即Basic-RPA的反應條件一般為37-39℃恒溫20-40 min,然后通過瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測擴增產物。Basic-RPA反應具有很高的敏感性,Rohrman等[8]建立的Basic-RPA方法可以檢測低至10拷貝的HIV病毒核酸。Basic-RPA的缺點是反應體系中存在一些可能影響DNA在瓊脂糖凝膠中遷移的物質,可能導致電泳結果出現抹帶等現象,因此擴增產物一般需要純化后才可以進行電泳檢測[9]。盡管如此,Basic-RPA仍有很大的實用價值,利用RPA可以常溫擴增的特點與生物芯片結合,研究者建立了on-chip RPA檢測方法,可以在20 min內特異性檢測淋病奈瑟氏菌、沙門氏菌和耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌[2]。Sara Santiago-Felipe等[10]基于Basic-RPA建立的disc-based RPA技術可以高靈敏度檢測多種病原體。
在Basic-RPA基礎上,Piepenburg等[1]利用序列特異性熒光探針建立了可以實時監測熒光信號判斷產物擴增情況的探針法RPA以及可以直接肉眼觀察最終擴增結果的側流層析試紙條RPA(lateral flow RPA,LF-RPA)。
2.1 探針法RPA
與Basic-RPA的反應體系相比,探針法 RPA體系中一般含有核酸外切酶III(exonuclease III,即exo)和exo熒光探針(根據酶的名稱命名為exo探針),通過檢測熒光信號實時監測RPA產物的擴增情況。exo探針含有一個堿基模擬物四氫呋喃分子(tetrahydrofuran,THF),THF分子兩側分別帶有熒光基團和淬滅基團,探針3'端帶有防止探針延伸的阻斷物。當探針與靶DNA結合形成雙鏈雜合DNA結構后,exo III作為一種DNA修復酶,識別THF位點并切割探針使熒光基團和淬滅基團分離從而產生熒光[11,12]。用exo探針的RPA反應不能使用凝膠電泳等方法進行終點定量,一般使用可以實時收集熒光信號的裝置(如熒光定量PCR儀、ESEQuant Tube Scanner device、Twista?等)監測反應情況。此外,exo探針法RPA反應速度更快,一般在20 min內即可完成檢測,靈敏度和特異性均很高[13-15]。
2.2 側流層析試紙條RPA
與Basic-RPA的反應體系相比,LF-RPA體系中加入了核酸外切酶IV(endonuclease IV,即nfo)和nfo探針(根據酶的名稱命名為nfo探針),而且在反應中使用帶有生物素或者地高辛等標記物的反向引物[16,17]。nfo探針的5'末端帶有熒光基團,3'端帶有阻斷物,探針序列中也帶有一個THF分子。隨著反應的進行,剪切后的探針與下游引物形成既帶有探針熒光基團標記物又帶有引物特殊標記物的雙標記擴增子。這種雙標記擴增產物可以使用凝膠電泳等終點定量方法和側流層析法進行檢測,目前主要使用的基于“夾心法”的側流試紙條進行檢測。側流試紙條包括檢測線和對照線,也有的只使用檢測線,其原理是:檢測線處使用相應的抗體來捕獲引物所帶有的標記物,膠體金顆粒標記的抗探針熒光基團抗體結合擴增子帶有的熒光基團即可以觀察到檢測產物(也可以先捕獲探針標記物,再結合引物標記物)[8]。LF-RPA的優點是經過37-39℃的恒溫短時間擴增反應后,肉眼即可觀察擴增產物在側流試紙條上的檢測結果,不需復雜儀器設備,適合現場快速檢測。
目前應用較多的核酸恒溫擴增技術主要有:核酸依賴性擴增檢測(nuclear acid sequence-based amplification,NASBA)、環介導恒溫擴增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)、鏈替代擴增(strand displacement amplification,SDA)、滾環擴增(rolling circle amplification,RCA)、依賴解旋酶的恒溫基因擴增(helicase-dependent isothermal DNA amplification,HDA)及轉錄介導的擴增技術(transcription mediated amplification)等[18-21]。核酸恒溫擴增技術與基于PCR的核酸擴增技術相比,具有高敏感性、高特異性、操作簡便、反應時間短、不需復雜儀器設備等優點,在檢驗檢疫、醫學、法醫等需要快速現場檢測的一些領域實用性更強。以上擴增技術各有優缺點,RPA與這些技術相比,操作更簡單,并且可以根據條件選擇恰當的檢測方法,目前在病原學檢測領域應用特別廣泛。RPA技術與其他核酸恒溫擴增方法簡要對比,見表1[22],從表中可以看出RPA技術不需熱變性因此反應時間更短,可以多通道同時檢測多個靶基因,而且有多種方法可用來檢測擴增產物。
RPA技術具有靈敏度高、特異性強、操作快速便捷等優點,而且可以實現定量分析,因此在疾病診斷和病原鑒定等許多領域具有廣闊的應用前景。在癌癥研究中,RPA技術可以用于癌癥突變檢測和抗癌藥物篩選[23,24]。RPA技術在病原學檢測領域的研究尤為熱門,目前已經建立了針對細菌、病毒、寄生蟲等多種病原體的RPA檢測方法(表2)。RPA
技術在維護人類公共衛生和生物反恐方面發揮著重要作用,如Euler等[12]研發的RPA檢測板可以同時檢測土拉弗朗西斯氏菌、鼠疫耶爾森氏菌、炭疽芽孢桿菌、天花病毒、裂谷熱病毒、埃博拉病毒及馬爾堡病毒等多種生物恐怖因子。在食品安全方面,RPA技術也應用廣泛,如 Santiago-Felipe等[25]建立的RPA-ELISA方法可以同時檢測食品中多種過敏原(榛子、花生、番茄、大豆及玉米)、病原微生物以及轉基因成分;Chao等[26]建立的RPA方法可以檢測玉米、水稻、棉花和大豆等作物中轉基因成分。由于RPA技術對實驗設備的要求非常低,使得該技術在經濟條件差,資源不足的區域具有廣闊的應用前景[7,17,27-29]。

表1 RPA與其他核酸恒溫擴增方法比較

表2 RPA檢測在病原學檢測領域的應用
RPA技術被稱作有望替代PCR的核酸檢測技術,主要優勢在于不需溫控儀器即可快速進行痕量DNA或RNA的特異性擴增,在臨床檢測和現場快速診斷方面具有顯著的優越性。以RPA技術為基礎建立的RPA-ELISA、on chip RPA等擴增技術可以高通量檢測多種病原體,因此RPA技術在癌癥突變檢測、遺傳病的定期和快速普查、轉基因成分檢測等領域也有廣闊的應用前景。雖然目前RPA技術的檢測成本高于PCR等其他核酸擴增技術,但隨著RPA技術的進一步發展、完善以及生產工藝的改良,RPA技術有望成為常規的快速診斷手段,并在分子生物學、醫學、遺傳學等各個研究領域得到更加廣泛的應用。
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(責任編輯 狄艷紅)
Research Progress on Recombinase Polymerase Amplification
JING Zhi-gang1DONG Hao2DI Dong-dong1TIAN Li-li1FAN Wei-xing1
(1. Laboratory of Zoonoses,China Animal Health & Epidemiology Center,Qingdao 266032;2. China Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center,Beijing 102600)
Recombinase Polymerase Amplification(RPA)is a recently developed isothermal amplification method that offers highly sensitive and specific DNA and RNA detection. Using RPA,the initial copy number of target nucleic acid sequence from different samples can be absolutely quantified,and multiple target nucleic acid sequences can also be detected simultaneously. Combining with less complicated device such as lateral flow strips or a sequence-specific fluorescent probe,the results can be observed directly. This article summarized the fundamental principles,continuous development and technical features of RPA. In addition,research and application progress of RPA in the field of in vitro diagnostic,pathogen detection and so forth were reviewed,aiming at providing guidance for further development and application of this method.
recombinase polymerase amplification;nucleic acid isothermal amplification technologies;nucleic acid detection
10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2016.06.008
2015-08-31
景志剛,男,碩士,研究方向:人畜共患病流行病學;E-mail:damonjing@126.com
范偉興,男,博士,研究員,研究方向:人畜共患病流行病學;E-mail:fwxsjl@126.com