圣母領報修道院，阿拉胡埃拉，哥斯達黎加

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圣母領報修道院，阿拉胡埃拉，哥斯達黎加

建筑設計：布魯諾·斯塔尼奧/布魯諾·斯塔尼奧建筑師及合伙人事務所

Architects: Bruno Stagno/Bruno Stagno Arquitecto y Asociados

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1 外景/Exterior view

為修女們建造一座修道院是一個不同尋常的項目，在設計之前明白這一點至關重要。然后去了解，從而理解一座修道院里的生活到底意味著什么，感受那些貫穿其中的嚴格紀律。毫無疑問，修女們的生活成為感動我們的精神典范，鼓舞人心。在閉修的簡樸生活中充滿著歡樂和滿足，與當代城市的喧囂形成強烈對比。這片寂靜允許我們仔細聆聽關于愛的最深層的情感，從而通過祈禱將自己獻給上帝。

圣母領報修道院里的體驗無論對于常人還是建筑師來說都是新鮮的，因為人們不可能不動容于修女們在閉修生活中的順從與忠誠。

功能的要求是非常基本的。修女們遵循著最基本的生活訴求，這也就有必要強調建筑中最本質的部分，即空間及其表達情感的潛力，而非那些細部或是流行的材料。

山丘上是一處非常好的基地，安靜且視野開闊，風景優美，熱帶天空時刻變幻的光與云是大自然的恩賜。臥室的閣樓與公共的食堂是功能性的，滿足使用者的需求。入口處，如同上帝之家一般歡迎著大家，每日5次的列隊巡行穿過連廊，盡享如耶穌受難路上一般的驚艷風景。禮拜堂，這樣一個冥想和祈禱的場所，光賦予其空間高貴的品質，當彩色的光照入，樸素的空間也讓我們為之感動。

來自法國的神父查理斯·洪諾列前來參加修道院的祝圣儀式，主持了幾天儀典，他說道：“必須坦言，我個人并不熱衷于現代建筑，而在禮拜堂里祈福時，我感受到了特殊的愉悅和滿足。祈禱是一種發自內在的行為，而這里的空間讓我感動，讓一切都順理成章”。確實，洪諾列神父或多或少地指出了建筑最崇高的部分，它提升了感知和感情。于是，建筑的最高任務得以完成。

圣母領報修道院被認證為綠色建筑，一棟用鋼結構和表皮建造的輕質建筑：更輕，更具可持續發展性。設計的建造沒有對地理環境造成影響，也沒有移動山丘上的土方。降低了碳排放。僅使用一種表皮材料，即再生纖維水泥板，并添加顏料。輕質，且減少浪費。運用“文氏效應”原理，建筑通過自然通風進行換氣，避免了空調設備對使用空間舒適度的影響。使用自然采光，只在夜間使用人工照明。窗戶上的固定遮陽板，控制太陽照入的光束。降低了熱量和眩光。

景觀概念是一個移步換景的過程。熱帶氣候下雨水充沛，土地肥沃，植被茂盛，形成大面積的樹蔭。建筑架起離開地面，避免潮濕，通風干燥。

建筑的設計及其建造標準，還有建造材料和選用的機械設備，都控制著建筑對環境的影響，降低對水電的消耗。原材料來自當地，無需引進，減少了運輸成本，降低了能源消耗。建造所需的技工等級為中級，在當地即可獲得。建造只需輕型工具，無需拖拉機、大卡車、起重機等，減少能源燃料的消耗。□（路璐 譯）

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1-人行道/Sidewalk

2-連橋/Bridge

3-坡道/Ramp

4-走廊/Corridor

5-露臺/Terrace

6-接待室/Reception

7-會客室/Parlor room

8-衛生間/Toilets

9-臥室/Dormitory

10-工作間/Workshop

11-活動室/Activity room

12-食堂/Canteen

13-餐具室/Tableware room

14-廚房/Kitchen

15-食品柜/Cupboard

16-水槽/Trough

17-圖書室/Library

18-庫房/Storage

19-禮拜堂前廊/Narthex

20-圣器室/Sacristy

21-禮拜堂/Chapel

22-圣壇/Altar

23-公共禮拜堂/Exterior chapel

24-前廳/Vestibule

25-殘疾人衛生間/Toilets for the disabled 26-禪房/Cell

27-辦公室/Ofce

2 總平面/Site plan

3 外景/Exterior view

Building a monastery for the nuns is an unusual project， which is of paramount importance to understand before design. It is also of signifcance to comprehend the meaning to live in a monastery and feel the strict disciplines through it. Undoubtedly，the nuns' life has become a inspirational model to our spirits. The simple life of seclusion is full of joy and satisfaction， as opposed to the hustle and bustle of the city. The silence within allows us to listen carefully to our deepest feelings of love and to devote ourselves to God through prayer.

Te experience in the Monastery La Anunciada is fresh whether for ordinary people or for architects， as people can not be untouched by the obedience and loyalty of the nuns in seclusion.

Functions that meet nuns' daily life needs are basic requirements for the construction of the monastery. It is necessary to emphasize the most essential part of architecture， namely， the potential of expression of space and emotion， rather than the details or the popular materials.

The massif is a good base for quiet and broad vision and beautiful scenery. You can see the light and cloud that changes on and off in the tropical sky，like a gift from the nature. Te attic in the bedroom and communal dining room are functional for daily needs of the users. Te entrance is greeting everyone as God waits there. Parades fve times a day cruise through the corridor， enjoying the stunning scenery as on the way to the crucifixion of Jesus. Chapel，a place for meditation and prayer， is given noble quality by the light. When the colorful light is cast in， the simple space touches us much.

Priest Charles Hongnuo （Charles Honore） from France has come to the monastery. After having presided over the ceremony of consecration for a few days， he said: "I must admit that I am personally not keen on modern architectures， but when I do the blessing in the chapel， I feel special pleasure and satisfaction. Prayer is a kind of inner behavior， and the space here moves me. Everything is rational and clearly structured. Indeed， Priest Hongnuo pointed out the loftest part of architectures was to enhance perceptions and emotions. The highest mission of the architecure is realized here.

Te Monastery La Anunciada is certifed as an environment-friendly light-weighted building with steel structure and surface architecture. It is lighter and more sustainable than ordinary buildings. The design of the building is not affected by the geography of the surrounding， without moving theearth on the hills， which has reduced carbon emission. It only applies a kind of skin material，that is， the recycled fiber cement board， added with pigment. In this way， the monastery is light weighted with less waste. Applying the principle of the Venturi Effect， the building exchanges air through natural ventilation and avoid the infuence of air conditioners on space comfort. Te monastery uses natural lighting in the day time and only artificial lighting at night. The fixed sunshades on the windows control the incoming rays of sun light and reduce heat and dazzle.

The landscape concept is a process of view shifting with steps. In the tropical climate， the rain water is abundant， with fertile land and lush vegetation， which forms a large area of tree shade. The building is set up above the ground to get ventilated and dry from damp.

Building design and construction standards，as well as selection of construction materials and mechanical equipment， are the key factors of architecture that influence the environment. The consumption of water and electricity can be reduced by consideration of these factors. Raw materials come from local places without need to introduce， which reduces transportation cost and energy consumption. The required technical level for for achitecture is intermediate， which can be obtained in local places. In additon， the building only requires light tools instead of tractors，large trucks and cranes， which decrease the fuel consumption.

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4 外走廊/Corridor

5 覆蓋在輕型金屬結構上的彩色水泥纖維板/Colored fibercement panel covers the light metal structure

6 適于靜修的樸素空間/Austere space for a spiritual life

7 A樓剖面/Section of building A

8 禮拜堂/Chapel

9 采光和通風良好的內走廊/Shafts in the illuminated hallway provide cross ventilation for dorms and bathrooms

項目信息/Credits and Data

主創建筑師//Principal Architect: 布魯諾·斯塔尼奧/Bruno Stagno

項目負責人/Project Directors: 卡洛斯·阿拉雅/Carlos Araya，阿爾貝托·吉耶恩/Alberto Guillen

景觀設計師/Landscape Architect: 希梅娜·烏加爾特/ Jimena Ugarte

結構工程師/Structural Engineer: 毛烏里希奧·洛佩茲/ Mauricio Lopez

電氣工程師/Electrical Engineer: 克勞迪奧·索托/Claudio Soto機械工程師/Mechanical Engineer: BSAa

承建商/Constructor: Acabados y Sistemas Internacionales S.A.場地面積/Site Area: 20，000m2

建筑面積/Floor Area: 1098m2

單位面積造價/Cost per Square Meter: $714

設計時間/Design Time: 2011

建造時間/Construction Period: 2012

攝影/Photos: 塞爾吉奧·普奇/Sergio Pucci

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評論

宋曄皓：從體形和建筑的剖面形式以及各種所采用的材料來看，圣母領報修道院是一個非常適合于哥斯達黎加氣候特點的建筑，氣候適應性同樣是這個案例的設計出發點。即適合溫度波動不大，且有充足陽光和雨水的氣候特點。坡屋頂形式，解釋了雨水對設計的影響，而出挑的廊子，以及遮陽設計等，則說明了設計地點有著強烈的日照，需要遮陽系統。同樣，利用文丘里效應設計的漸縮剖面，以及利用熱壓通風煙囪效應布置在高處的出風口，均說明了該設計地點可以通過自然通風改善建筑的熱濕環境。當然，天光不僅是建筑師的最愛，同樣也是使用者的福利。

Comments

SONG Yehao: Based on the shape and cross-section of the building and the adopted materials， the Monastery La Anunciada is suitable for the climate of Costa Rica. Climate responding is also the departure for the design of this project， that is， the mild temperature fuctuation and abundant sunlight and rain in Costa Rica. Pitched roof explains the influence of rain on the design， while the overhanging porch and sun shading design indicate that the design site has strong sunshine and requires sun-shading system. Similarly， using the Venturi-tube Effects as well as the air outlet arranged in the height that applies to buoyancy driven ventilation chimney effects， the tapered profle design indicates that the location of the design improve the thermal and humid environment of the building with natural ventilation. Of course， the skylight，the architect's favorite element， will bring a kind of well-being to the users.

王海松：這是一座樸素的修道院，也是一座綠色的修道院。建筑采用鋼結構、再生纖維水泥板等綠色建材，最大限度地利用自然通風、自然采光以節約能源消耗，以架空的方式來處理建筑的接地，既利用了坡地地形又不破壞原有地貌，以低技的方法實現了極具地域適應性的“節能”“節地”“節材”。當然，這絕不是一座僅具技術合理性、冷冰冰的建筑，它的空間組織、天光運用極好地烘托了建筑的宗教感召力。

WANG Haisong: This is a simple and green monastery. It is designed with steel structure， made of by environment-friendly materials such as regenerated fiber cement boards. It utilizes natural ventilation and natural lighting to save energy consumption to maximum. Furthermore， it deals with the construction grounding through overhead designs. In this way， it displays the sloping topography without destroying the original geomorphology， and realizes with low technology the saving of energy， land and materials， which are adaptable to different terrains. It is absolutely not a rigid， cold building with technical rationality. However， its spatial structure and skylight renders the religious appeal of the building.

Te Monastery La Anunciada， Alajuela， Costa Rica， 2012