韓光,李璐,趙平
(中國醫科大學附屬盛京醫院麻醉科,沈陽 110004)
高壓氧對神經病理性疼痛大鼠p38 MAPK信號通路的影響
韓光,李璐,趙平
(中國醫科大學附屬盛京醫院麻醉科,沈陽 110004)
目的探討高壓氧對神經病理性疼痛大鼠p38 MAPK信號通路的影響,從而明確其作用機制。方法實驗分為2部分,每部分選用30只SD大鼠,又隨機分為3組:假手術組(S組)、坐骨神經慢性縮窄組(CCI組)和高壓氧組(HBO組),每組10只。第一部分實驗測定術后3,7,14,28 d疼痛行為學指標,并在術后28 d取脊髓標本Western blot方法檢測磷酸化p38表達,免疫組化法檢測P2X4受體;第二部分實驗先對各組大鼠行腰段鞘內置管,并將p38 MAPK信號通路阻斷劑(SB203580)連續注入蛛網膜下腔中,測定阻斷p38 MAPK信號通路后3,7,14,28 d疼痛行為學指標及術后28 d免疫組化法檢測P2X4受體。結果第一部分實驗中CCI組、HBO組大鼠疼痛行為學評分較S組明顯降低(P<0.05),且CCI組比HBO組降低顯著(P<0.05)。CCI組、HBO組的磷酸化p38及P2X4受體含量較S組增加(P<0.05),且CCI組磷酸化p38及P2X4受體的表達比HBO組顯著增加(P<0.05)。第二部分實驗中大鼠p38 MAPK信號通路抑制后,CCI組、HBO組疼痛行為學評分無統計學差異(P>0.05),但與未給抑制劑第一部分實驗的CCI組、HBO組比較明顯增高(P<0.05);CCI組及HBO組的P2X4受體表達比S組顯著增高(P<0.05),但2組間比較無統計學差異(P>0.05)。結論高壓氧可能通過P2X4受體介導的p38 MAPK信號通路影響神經病理性疼痛大鼠。
高壓氧;坐骨神經結扎;p38;P2X4受體
網絡出版地址
神經病理性疼痛發病機制十分復雜,治療效果欠佳。近年來很多報道[1]顯示,外周神經損傷后,絲裂原激活的蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)通路的某些重要信號蛋白、受體發生明顯變化。高壓氧是一種新型、無創、有效的治療手段,已廣泛應用在神經病理性疼痛領域,但高壓氧的作用機制還不是很清楚。本研究通過研究p38 MAPK信號通路中P2X4受體在高壓氧抗神經病理性疼痛中的作用,深入了解其在高壓氧抗神經病理性疼痛的信號傳導作用機制,從而為發現更具有針對性的疼痛治療靶點提供依據。
1.1一般資料
雄性SD大鼠60只,體質量280~320 g,由中國醫科大學盛京醫院實驗動物中心提供。實驗分為2部分,每部分30只SD大鼠。各部分又隨機均分為3組:假手術組(S組),暴露卻不結扎坐骨神經;坐骨神經慢性縮窄(chronic constrictive injury,CCI)組,右側坐骨神經結扎;高壓氧(hyperbaric oxygen,HBO)組,術后第1天實施HBO,連續進行5 d。
1.2方法
1.2.1CCI模型的制備:腹腔注射1%戊巴比妥鈉(40 mg/kg)麻醉,在右后肢外側找尋坐骨神經主干,分離出坐骨神經,4?0絲線圍繞并輕輕結扎坐骨神經,使神經外膜稍稍受壓,同時肌肉出現快速收縮抽搐。最后分層縫合,歸籠飼養。假手術組的大鼠僅暴露右側坐骨神經。
1.2.2實驗鼠的HBO處理:HBO組大鼠被放入艙內,艙內先進行純氧洗艙,勻速加壓至0.25 MPa,高壓狀態下停留1 h,又勻速減到常壓。1次/d,連續5 d。其他組大鼠放置在艙內,模擬高壓氧組的實驗環境與條件。
1.2.3鞘內p38抑制劑大鼠模型的制備:第2部分大鼠腹腔注射1%戊巴比妥鈉(40 mg/kg)麻醉,將大鼠俯臥位固定,剃毛、消毒、鋪巾,在兩側骼棘聯線上方L3?4間隙行縱行切口,暴露L3、L4棘突。分離組織后,再用細針穿透黃韌帶,置入一根導管,使腦脊液從導管慢慢流出,固定導管后觀察2 d,選取無感覺及運動障礙的大鼠。通過導管,定時定量給予p38抑制劑—SB203580(2.5 μg),連續5 d。
將大鼠腹腔麻醉后,在左心室插管,灌注生理鹽水沖洗,待流出液無血性液體后,取腰段L4~6脊髓,-80℃冰箱保存一部分,其余的浸泡在4%多聚甲醛中待用。
1.3觀察指標
1.3.1大鼠疼痛行為學評分的測定:在術后3、7、14、28 d上午9:00?12:00進行大鼠疼痛行為學檢測。(1)機械性縮足反射閾值(mechanical withdrawal threthold,MWT),將大鼠置金屬網格上,罩上透明玻璃罩。使用von Frey纖維刺激大鼠結扎側足底的中部,使纖維絲在6~8 s內彎成S形,觀察大鼠是否縮足。(2)熱刺激爪退縮閾值(thermal withdrawal laten?cy,TWL),使用熱測痛儀將聚光燈產生的光輻射焦點對準大鼠結扎側足底中部,當大鼠抬腿時為爪退縮閾值。連續測量5次,取平均值。
1.3.2Western blot方法測定組織中磷酸化p38含量:用ECL發光法試劑盒(SW2040,北京索萊寶科技有限公司)顯色,結果采用美國BIO?RAD凝膠成像系統(Gel DocTM XR,美國BIO?RAD公司)拍照,用Quantity One 1?D軟件(美國BIO?RAD公司)分析,記錄每條蛋白電泳帶的灰度值。
1.3.3免疫組化方法觀察P2X4受體含量:4%多聚甲醛固定并包埋大鼠脊髓組織,加入P2X4抗體及二抗,光鏡觀察,棕色染色的為陽性細胞。顯微照相及圖像分析應用U?MCB Olympus圖像采集系統、METAMORPH/COOL SNAP+X/AX70顯微(熒光)圖像分析系統(VIC/ROPER OLYMPUS)US/JP對切片進行分析處理,每只大鼠取4張切片,測定陽性細胞數值,放大400倍照相。
1.4統計學分析
2.1各組大鼠疼痛行為學評分的測定結果比較
第一部分大鼠CCI術后CCI組、HBO組疼痛行為學評分較S組明顯降低,且CCI組比HBO組降低更明顯(均P<0.05)。第二部分大鼠在給予SB203580后,S組MWT及TWL值無明顯變化,但CCI組與HBO組大鼠MWT及TWL值顯著增加(P<0.05),但CCI組與HBO組之間比較無統計學差異(P>0.05)。見表1。
2.2各組大鼠磷酸化p38表達比較
第一部分大鼠Western blot結果顯示:與S組(0.61±0.08)比較,CCI組(0.98±0.08)與HBO組(0.89±0.11)磷酸化p38表達上升(P<0.05)。但HBO組大鼠磷酸化p38血清含量顯著低于CCI組(P<0.05),見圖1。
2.3各組大鼠P2X4受體表達比較
兩部分試驗中CCI組與HBO組大鼠P2X4受體與S組比較在脊髓表達增加。第一部分實驗CCI組增加均較HBO組顯著(P<0.05),第二部分實驗這2組無統計學差異(P>0.05),見表2,圖2、3。
表1 各組大鼠疼痛行為學評分的測定結果比較(±s)Tab.1 Pain?related behavior of rats in each group(±s)

表1 各組大鼠疼痛行為學評分的測定結果比較(±s)Tab.1 Pain?related behavior of rats in each group(±s)
1)P<0.05 vs group S in the same part;2)P<0.05 vs group CCI in the same part.
Group MWT(g)TWL(s)-1 d 3 d 7 d 14 d 28 d -1 d 3 d 7 d 14 d 28 d Part 1 S 9.5±0.2 8.5±0.3 8.1±0.2 8.7±0.4 9.2±0.2 18.3±0.3 16.0±0.2 17.1±0.4 16.8±0.3 17.4±0.2 CCI 9.8±0.2 3.3±0.81) 2.6±0.71) 3.0±0.51) 3.9±0.41) 18.2±0.2 8.5±0.71) 8.2±0.61) 8.7±0.51) 8.8±0.51)HBO 9.7±0.2 5.9±0.51),2) 5.3±0.41),2) 6.3±0.61),2) 7.5±0.51),2) 18.1±0.2 10.8±0.91),2) 11.5±0.71),2) 11.5±0.41),2) 13.1±0.31),2)Part 2 S 9.3±0.1 8.1±0.2 8.7±0.3 9.0±0.3 9.2±0.2 18.3±0.2 16.0±0.3 17.1±0.4 16.8±0.2 17.4±0.3 CCI 9.6±0.2 7.1±0.51) 6.8±0.31) 6.9±0.41) 7.2±0.51) 18.2±0.3 12.0±0.51) 12.3±0.61) 12.0±0.41) 12.5±0.31)HBO 9.6±0.2 7.0±0.51) 7.0±0.41) 7.1±0.61) 7.3±0.41) 18.1±0.2 12.5±0.51) 12.7±0.71) 12.1±0.31) 13.1±0.41)

圖1 第一部分各組大鼠磷酸化p38的表達結果Fig.1 The phosphorylative p38 expression of rats in three groups of part one

表2 各組大鼠P2X4受體表達比較Tab.2 P2X4 receptor expression of rats in groups
1)P<0.05 vs group S in the same part;2)P<0.05 vs group HBO in the same part.

圖2 第一部分各組大鼠P2X4受體的免疫組化結果×400Fig.2 P2X4 receptor immunohistochemistry expression in spinal cord in each group of part one×400

圖3 第二部分各組大鼠在給予p38抑制劑后P2X4受體的免疫組化結果×400Fig.3 P2X4 receptor immunohistochemistry expression after SB203580 administration in spinal cord in each group of part two×400
神經損傷后,脊髓中磷酸化p38 MAPK免疫組化陽性細胞顯著增加,尤其以p38 MAPK磷酸化水平明顯增加[2]。在多種炎性疼痛的動物模型中,p38 MAPK參與炎性痛覺過敏的形成,并可以通過多種機制和信號系統發揮作用[3?5]。文獻[6]報道皮下注射辣椒素可引起疼痛,同時伴隨周圍皮膚的p38受體MAPK增加,使用p38 MAPK抑制劑SB203580就能達到鎮痛的作用。同時可以抑制炎性組織中P2X4的增加并減輕動物的機械性痛敏及熱痛敏[7?8]。因此我們推測p38 MAPK信號通路可能通過調節P2X4受體蛋白的釋放,參與疼痛的形成。
HBO能增加減輕神經水腫,使組織抗氧化,加速自由基的清除,提高攜氧能力、產生ATP,促進毛細血管再生,緩解疼痛[9?10]。有學者[11?12]認為HBO的神經保護作用機制可能是抑制氧化應激反應。因為HBO可降低白細胞的大量聚集,降低循環中炎性因子的釋放[13?14]。它在早期抑制炎性因子的產生與釋放方面有著重要的作用。最近有研究[15]表明,HBO通過增高腦源性神經營養因子的水平,抑制p38 MAPK信號通路,達到腦保護。說明 p38 MAPK信號通路調節的細胞功能在腦保護中可能扮演了重要的角色,它為HBO的神經保護作用機制的闡明開辟了新的道路。本研究結果表明:與S組大鼠相比CCI組及HBO組大鼠磷酸化p38水平顯著增加,說明外周神經損傷后p38 MAPK被激活。磷酸化p38 MAPK伴隨痛覺過敏,在術后3 d開始升高。P38 MAPK被阻斷后,疼痛明顯緩解。但是,p38 MAPK只是MAPK信號通路眾多亞族中的一種,MAPK信號通路的上下游分子也需要進一步尋找。另外,高壓氧是否通過減少P2X4受體表達影響p38 MAPK信號通路的作用還不清楚,仍需要進行深入探討。
曾有報道[16]在甲醛造成的大鼠致炎性痛模型中,脊髓小膠質細胞的P2X4受體上調。P2X4受體蛋白隨時間逐漸增加,這種變化與神經損傷后引起的痛覺超敏變化相一致。目前外周神經損傷后,脊髓小膠質細胞P2X4受體調控的機制還不是很清楚,可能與小膠質細胞活化后P2X4受體mRNA及蛋白的轉錄有關[17?18]。已有研究[19?20]表明,神經損傷后通過激活p38 MAPK、ERK等細胞內信號分子進一步活化P2X4受體轉錄,反之應用這些分子的抑制劑可有效減輕疼痛,預防脊髓神經痛覺超敏。本研究證明高壓氧能有效減少P2X4受體的表達,而且這種抗神經病理性疼痛作用在給予P38 MARK抑制劑后變得不明顯,提示它很可能通過P38 MARK信號通路起作用。
[1]CAO J,WANG JS,REN XH,et al.Spinal sample showing p?JNK and P38 associated with the pain signaling transduction of glial cell in neuropathic pain[J].Spinal Cord,2015,53(2):92-97.DOI:10.1038/sc.2014.188.
[2]NI HD,YAO M,HUANG B,et al.Glial activation in the periaque?ductal gray promotes descending facilitation of neuropathic pain through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway[J].J Neurosci Res,2016,94(1):50-61.DOI:10.1002/jnr.23672.
[3]LIN ML,LIN WT,HUANG RY,et al.Pulsed radiofrequency inhibit?ed activation of spinal mitogen?activated protein kinases and amelio?rated early neuropathic pain in rats[J].Eur J Pain,2014,18(5):659-?670.
[4]LIN X,WANG M,ZHANG J,et al.p38 MAPK:a potential target of chronic pain[J].Curr Med Chem,2014,21(38):4405-4418.
[5]TATSUMI E,YAMANAKA H,KOBAYASHI K,et al.RhoA/ROCK pathway mediates p38 MAPK activation and morphological changes downstream of P2Y12/13 receptors in spinal microglia in neuropath?ic pain[J].Glia,2015,63(2):216-228.DOI:10.1002/glia.22745.
[6]HU JH,YANG JP,LIU L,et al.Involvement of CX3CR1 in bone cancer pain through the activation of microglia p38 MAPK pathway in the spinal cord[J].Brain Res,2012,1465:1-9.DOI:10.1016/j. brainres.2012.05.020.
[7]CHIANG RP,HUANG CT,TSAI YJ.Melatonin reduces median nerve injury?induced mechanical hypersensitivity via inhibition of microglial p38 mitogen?activated protein kinase activation in rat cu?neate nucleus[J].J Pineal Res,2013,54(2):232-244.DOI:10.1111/jpi.12029.
[8]ZHOU TT,WU JR,CHEN ZY,et al.Effects of dexmedetomidine on P2X4Rs,p38?MAPK and BDNF in spinal microglia in rats with spared nerve injury[J].Brain Res,2014,1568:21-30.DOI:10.1016/j.brainres.
[9]ANAND P,SHENOY R,PALMER JE,et al.Clinical trial of the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor dilmapimod in neuropathic pain following nerve injury[J].Eur J Pain,2011,15(10):1040-1048.DOI:10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.04.005.
[10]LIU X,YANG J,LI Z,et al.Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning promotes neovascularization of transplanted skin flaps in rats[J]. Int J Clin Exp Pathol,2014,7(8):4734-4744.
[11]HAN G,LI L,MENG LX.(2013)Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on pain?related behaviors and nitric oxide synthase in a rat model of neuropathic pain[J].Pain Res Management,2013,18(3):137-141.
[12]ZHANG Y,LV Y,LIU YJ,et al.Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in rats attenuates ischemia?reperfusion testicular injury through blockade of oxidative stress,suppression of inflammation,and reduction ofnitric oxide formation[J].Urology,2013,82(2):489.e9-489.e15. DOI:10.1016/j.urology.
[13]QI Z,GAO CJ,WANG YB,et al.Effects of hyperbaric oxygen pre?conditioning on ischemia?reperfusion inflammation and skin flap survival[J].Chin Med J(Engl),2013,126(20):3904-3909.
[14]ZHAO BS,MENG LX,DING YY,et al.Hyperbaric oxygen treat?ment produces an antinociceptive response phase and inhibits as?trocyte activation and inflammatory response in a rat model of neu?ropathic pain[J].J Mol Neurosci,2014,53(2):251-261.DOI:10.1007/s12031?013?0213?3.
[15]ZHANG Y,STOLZ PA,SHIRACHI DY,et al.Reduced antinoci?ceptive responsiveness to hyperbaric oxygen in opioid?tolerant mice [J].Eur J Pain,2014,18(7):1032-1039.DOI:10.1002/j.1532?2149.2013.00448.x.
[16]WILSON HD,WILSON JR,FUCHS PN.Hyperbaric oxygen treat?ment decreases inflammation and mechanical hypersensitivity in an animal model of inflammatory pain[J].Brain Res,2006,1098 (1):126-128.
[17]ASE AR,HONSON NS,ZAGHDANE H,et al.Identification and characterization of a selective allosteric antagonist of human P2X4 receptor channels[J].Mol Pharmacol,2015,87(4):606-616. DOI:10.1124/mol.114.096222.
[18]IGAWA T,HIGASHI S,ABE Y,et al.Preparation and character?ization of a monoclonal antibody against the refolded and function?al extracellular domain of rat P2X4 receptor[J].J Biochem,2013,153(3):275-282.DOI:10.1093/jb/mvs143.
[19]HERNANDEZ?OLMOS V,ABDELRAHMAN A,EL?TAYEB A,et al.N?substituted phenoxazine and acridone derivatives:structure?activity relationships of potent P2X4 receptor antagonists[J].J Med Chem,2012,55(22):9576-9788.DOI:10.1021/jm300845v.
[20]BERNIER LP,ASE AR,BOUé?GRABOT E,et al.P2X4 receptor channels form large noncytolytic pores in resting and activated mi?croglia[J].Glia,2012,60(5):728-737.DOI:10.1002/glia. 22301.
[21]BIBER K,TSUDA M,TOZAKI?SAITOH H,et al.Neuronal CCL21 up?regulates microglia P2X4 expression and initiates n europathic pain development[J].EMBO J,2011,30(9):1864-1873.DOI:10.1038/emboj.2011.89.
(編輯武玉欣)
Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen on p38 MAPK Signal Transduction Pathway in Neuropathic Rats
HAN Guang,LI Lu,ZHAO Ping
(Department of Anesthesiology,Shengjing Hospital,China Medical University,Shenyang 110004,China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen(HBO)on p38 MAPK signal pathway in neuropathic pain,and explore its mechanism.MethodsThe experiment was divided into two parts with thirty SD rats in each part.Each part was then randomly divided into 3 groups:sham operation group(S group),chronic constriction group(CCI group)and hyperbaric oxygen group(HBO group),with 10 rats in each group.Part one:Pain?related behavior were detected on 3 day,7 day,14 day,28 day after operation.Phosphorylative p38 was detected by Western blot method and the P2X4 receptor was detected by immunohistochemistry method on the 28th day.Part two:All the rats were treated with SB203580.Pain?related behavior were detected on 3 day,7 day,14 day,28 day after operation.P2X4 receptor was detected by immunohistochem?istry method on the 28th day.ResultsCCI and HBO groups were significantly lower than S group in pain?related behaviors(P<0.05).CCI group was significantly lower than that in HBO group(P<0.05).The content of phosphorylative p38 and P2X4 receptor in CCI and HBO group were increased(P<0.05),and the expression of phosphorylative p38 and P2X4 in CCI group was significantly increased than that in HBO group (P<0.05).When p38 MAPK was inhibited,pain?related behavior in HBO and CCI group increased significantly than the pain?related behavior of HBO and CCI group in Part 1(P<0.05).But the difference between group CCI and HBO was not significant(P>0.05).Though the expression of P2X4 receptor in CCI group and HBO group was significantly higher than that in S group(P<0.05),the difference between group CCI and HBO was not significant(P>0.05).ConclusionHyperbaric oxygen therapy can affect the expression of p38 MAPK through P2X4 receptor in rats of neuropathic pain.
hyperbaric oxygen;chronic constrictive injury;p38;P2X4 receptor
R614
A
0258-4646(2016)08-0723-05
10.12007/j.issn.0258?4646.2016.08.013
沈陽市科學技術計劃(F15?199?1?35)
韓光(1978-),女,副教授,碩士.
趙平,E-mail:zhaop@sj?hospital.org
2016-01-11
網絡出版時間: