云南蜘蛛區系初步分析*

楊自忠，方 波，李成功，何 苗，李 玥

(1.大理大學云南省昆蟲醫藥研發重點實驗室，云南 大理 671000 ; 2.云南省林業科學院,云南 昆明 650001)

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云南蜘蛛區系初步分析*

楊自忠1，方 波2，李成功1，何 苗1，李 玥1

(1.大理大學云南省昆蟲醫藥研發重點實驗室，云南 大理 671000 ; 2.云南省林業科學院,云南 昆明 650001)

本文通過整理多年來對云南蜘蛛區系的研究結果，結合國內外學者的研究報道，系統報道了云南蜘蛛58科389屬1248種，其中，云南特有物種665種。同時，結合物種分布特點和地質歷史資料對云南蜘蛛區系的特點做了簡單的分析，分析結果表明云南蜘蛛區系特點為：物種多樣性(diversity)復雜；特有種(Endemic species)豐富；區系古老，既有屬于岡瓦納古陸(Gondwanaland)起源的舊熱帶區系成分，也有勞亞古陸(Lanrasia)起源的北溫帶區系成分。云南蜘蛛區系勞亞古陸和岡瓦納古陸區系成分相互滲透以及一些滲透進來的古老物種因適應云南特殊地理環境和氣候環境演化發展的結果。

蜘蛛區系(Fauna of Spider)；特有種(Endemic species)；岡瓦納古陸(Gondwanaland)；勞亞古陸(Lanrasia)；云南

蜘蛛隸屬于節肢動物門(Arthropoda)蛛形綱(Arachnoidea)蜘蛛目(Araneae)，起源于古生代(Paleozoic)前泥盆紀(Devonian)；是現在陸地上多樣性最豐富的捕食者類群之一。通常，蜘蛛(spider)主要以獵捕活體昆蟲為食，少數獵食如孔蛛、花皮蛛等其他蜘蛛，大型種類還能捕食其他小型動物，如青蛙等。通過幾億年的演化，蜘蛛由單一的地面類群發展成今天的結網和游獵兩大類群，占據了土壤、落葉、灌叢、森林樹木及水域等等各種生態空間，其豐富多樣的種類、獨特的生活方式和廣闊的分布空間成了森林和農田害蟲的主要天敵。成為維持自然生態平衡重要的生態因素。

云南為低緯度高原地區，境內地貌復雜，氣候多樣，物種生物多樣性豐富，素有“動植物王國”之稱，其中蜘蛛物種多樣性也不例外。對于云南蜘蛛的報道，在上個世紀只見一些零星的新種報道[1-112]，通過多年的標本采集和分類研究，結合世界蜘蛛名錄及國內外學者研究報道文獻整理出云南蜘蛛共計59科389屬1248種，其中，云南特有物種665種。同時，根據物種的種屬分布情況，對云南蜘蛛區系特點做了初步的分析，現報道如下：

1.物種組成

根據筆者的調查研究及對世界蜘蛛名錄(World Spider Catalog Version 16.5)中記錄的整理，共報道云南蜘蛛共計58科389屬1248種[131]，如表1。

表1 云南蜘蛛物種多樣性統計

2.區系特點(Characteristics of spider fauna)

通過整體分析，云南蜘蛛區系具有物種多樣性復雜、特有種(Endemic species)豐富、區系古老，既有屬于岡瓦納古陸(Gondwanaland)起源的舊熱帶區系成分，也有勞亞古陸(Lanrasia)起源的北溫帶區系成分的特點。

2.1物種多樣性復雜

根據近幾年的調查和現有資料統計，目前已發現分布于云南的蜘蛛有59科389屬1248種，分別占我國已記述種類的85.50%、52.78%、29.10%，科級階元豐富度極為突出，屬級階元次之，種級階元稍低，基本符合云南蜘蛛物種豐富的特點。種級階元稍低可能與跟調查不夠相關。

表1統計顯示：屬級階元中，Salticidae、Linyphiidae、Thomisidae、Theridiidae、Araneidae是云南蜘蛛區系的主要類群，分別為53屬、43屬、40屬、39屬和27屬，分別占云南蜘蛛區系屬級階元的13.62%，11.05%，10.28%，10.02%和6.94%；而種級階元中，物種比較豐富的依次為Salticidae、Theridiidae、Araneidae和Thomisidae，物種數量分別為142種、135種、130種和110種，分別占云南蜘蛛區系的11.37%，10.81%，10.41%和8.81%，物種豐富度與屬級階元的豐富度吻合。種級階元中，Linyphiidae的物種72種，這與Linyphiidae是蜘蛛類群中物種多樣性最豐富的類群不一致，從中反映出對Linyphiidae調查還不夠。從已經統計得到的數據看出，Ctenizidae、Anyphaenidae、Deinopidae、Desidae、Eresidae、Selenopidae和Sinopimoidae僅有1屬1種，盡管種類數量少，卻是該地區的蜘蛛區系豐富多彩的主要因素。從科、屬種的數量來看，云南蜘蛛區系分別占我國科、屬、種的85.50%、52.78%、29.10%。由此可見，云南的蜘蛛區系具有科、屬較豐富，種類相對較少的特點。

2.2特有種(Endemic species)豐富

指目前僅發現于云南的類群，是云南蜘蛛區系主要的成分之一，有665種，占區系成分的53.28%，特有種占了云南蜘蛛物種的一半以上，這從另外一個角度也充分反映了云南蜘蛛物種的豐富性。在已知的665種特有種中，主要集中分布在滇南的西雙版納、思茅地區和滇西的大理、保山、德宏地區、滇西北的怒江、迪慶的高山峽谷地區。這種分布不均勻特點也反映出了云南南部和西北部云南動物區系(Fauna)的兩大分化地區。

3.區系古老，既有屬于岡瓦納古陸(Gondwanaland)起源的舊熱帶區系成分，也有勞亞古陸(Lanrasia)起源的北溫帶區系成分

地史資料證明，二疊紀末期聯合古陸形成，中國內地的主體既不屬于勞亞古陸，也不屬于岡瓦納古陸，而是介于這兩大古陸之間的特提斯(Tethys)海洋盆系統中的塊體[132]。中生代晚期，岡瓦納古陸開始斷裂解體為非洲-南美洲和印度-澳大利亞-南極洲板塊，隨后印度板塊與澳大利亞-南極洲板塊分離，并向北移動。伴隨著印度板塊的不斷前進，古特提斯海也在逐漸縮小，最終約在5000萬年前與歐亞大陸板塊縫合。在岡瓦納古陸發生主要斷裂的同時，原澳大利亞-新幾內亞板塊北緣的一些小型陸塊(可能包括今天西藏的南部、緬甸、馬來西亞、蘇門答臘島等)也先后斷裂并向東北漂移，最終與歐亞板塊南端拼合[133]。

云南的地史資料表明，古生代期，川滇古陸即隆起形成，陸地范圍雖經多次變化，但從未被海水全部淹沒[134]，經過中生代三疊紀的抬升，到了第三紀末期，云、貴、川完全露出海面形成川滇黔準平原。云南陸地的發展歷史，也就是云南蜘蛛區的發展歷史。由此可見，云南蜘蛛區系具有悠久的發展歷史。

3.1區系古老，多古老蜘蛛的后裔

在蜘蛛目中，中紡亞目的節板蛛科蜘蛛被公認為是最古老的蜘蛛。該類群全球已記述8屬96種，我國有5屬23種，云南報道了1屬2種：云南七紡蛛Heptathela yunnanensis Song & Haupt, 1984分布于滇中的昆明地區，而峨山七紡蛛H. wosanensis Wang & Jiao, 1995發現于滇中的峨山地區，目前又在大理蒼山和賓川的雞足山也發現了七紡蛛蹤影。

在后紡亞目中，原蛛類是比較低等原始的蜘蛛，全球已記述的有15科329屬2786種，我國有6科17屬68種，云南目前發現5科5屬13種，如分布于滇南、滇西南的MacrotheleyunnanicaZhu & Song, 2000、M.bannaensisXu & Yin, 2001、CyclocosmialannaensisSchwendinger, 2005等，而分布于滇西和西北的有M.yaniXu et al., 2002、AtypuspedicellatusZhuetal., 2006、A.sacculatusZhuetal., 2006等。在科級階元中，云南的原始低等的蜘蛛類群占世界原蛛的33.33%，占我國原蛛類的83.33%。在新蛛下目的蜘蛛類群中，也不乏古老蜘蛛的后裔，如DeinopisliukuensisYin, Griswold et Yan, 2002、PimoaanatolicaHormiga, 1994、P.lihengaeGriswold, Long & Hormiga, 1999、P.reniformisXu & Li, 2007、PutaoahuapingHormiga & Tu, 2008和WeintrauboayunnanYang, Zhu & Song, 2006等。

3.2具屬于勞亞古陸起源的北溫帶區系成分

根據云南的地質歷史和上述云南蜘蛛名錄及其分布資料可以看出，一些廣泛分布北方(勞亞古陸)的類群，在云南也有分布。在北方廣泛分布的類群，如Tmeticus，在我國除云南有分布外，其他地區尚未發現，而典型的北方類群Alopecosa、Talavera、Walckenaeria廣泛分布于我國的新疆、西藏、吉林、遼寧、甘肅、陜西、河北、北京，在云南最南端分布到了滇西的大理和滇東北的永善、昭通地區；而Araniella、Sitticus、Micaria廣泛分布在于我國的內蒙古、陜西、甘肅、青海、河北，最南端沒有越過河北，而在云南抵達了滇西的大理、滇東北的永善；Drassyllus廣泛分布于我國的遼寧、北京、甘肅、新疆、西藏、陜西、河南，偶見于南方的安徽、浙江，在云南分布到了昆明，最南抵達了緬甸；Xysticus除了在我國各地都有分布，在云南也廣泛分布。從總體上分析，北方的區系成分在云南的分布多數南伸到了滇西北和滇東北地區，最南延伸到了昆明。這些屬于勞亞古陸起源的溫帶區系成分在云南的廣泛分布，說明了云南蜘蛛區系與勞亞古陸起源的溫帶區系成分具有一定的歷史淵源。

3.3具岡瓦納古陸起源的舊熱帶區系成分

根據上述云南蜘蛛名錄及其分布資料同樣可以看出，一些廣泛分布于南大陸(岡瓦納古陸)的類群在云南也有分布。如廣泛分布于熱帶非洲區的Scytodes、Micropholcus、Theridula、Nesticodes、Selenops，熱帶非洲、南美洲和澳洲共有類群Ariadna、Tmarus，非洲和澳洲及東南亞共有類群Nephila、Gea、Gasteracantha、Cyrtarachne、Cyrtophora、Dolomedes、Mallinella、Olios、Hasarius、Myrmarachne，非洲和東南亞地區共有類群Spermophora、Stegodyphus、Argyrodes、Caerostris、Neoscona、Paraplectana、Thelacantha、Perenethis、Thalassius、Agelena、Stiphropus、Phrynarachne、Monaeses、Runcinia、Thomisus、Carrhotus、Hyllus、Langona、Rhene，非洲、南美洲、澳洲和東南亞地區共有類群Deinopis、Trochosa，非洲、澳洲和東南亞地區共有類群有Miagrammopes、Oxyopes，非洲和東南亞地區共有類群Philoponella、Chrysso、Craspedisia、Mangora、Parawixia、Peucetia，澳洲和東南亞地區共有類群Mesida、Orsinome、Heteropoda、Telamonia，非洲、南美洲和東南亞地區共有類群Leucauge和廣泛分布再澳洲的Diaea、Badumna，廣泛分布于非洲的Cyrba、Heliophanus、Menemerus、Thyene、Thyenula，廣泛分布于印度Hippasa等。這些類群在云南都有不同數量的種類分布。這種分布特點反映了云南蜘蛛區系與非洲、南美洲、澳洲及印度次大陸區系的親緣性。

綜上所述，現在的云南蜘蛛區系是勞亞古陸和岡瓦納古陸區系成分相互滲透以及一些滲透進來的古老物種因適應云南特殊地理環境和氣候環境演化發展的結果。

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(責任編輯 徐成東)

A Preliminary Analysis of Spider Fauna in Yunnan

YANG Zizhong, FANG Bo, LI Chenggong, HE Miao & LI Yue

(KeyLaboratoryofEntomoceuticsBiopharmaceuticalofYunnan,DaliUniversity,Dali, 671000,YunnanProvince;YunnanAcademyofForestry,Kunming, 650001,YunnanProvince)

Through summarizing years of study results on spider fauna of Yunnan and combining study reports from domestic and international researchers, 1,248 Yunnan spider species belonging to 389 genera of 59 families were systematically reported in this article, including 665 endemic species in Yunnan. Meanwhile, features of spider fauna in Yunnnan were preliminarily analyzed based on species distribution characteristics and geological history data. According to the analysis results, the spider fauna features of Yunnan are: complex species diversity, abundant endemic species, ancient fauna including both paleotropical faunal elements originated from Gondwana and north temperate zone faunal elements originated from Laurasia. The current Yunnan spider fauna result from the interpenetration of spider faunal elements originated from Gondwana and Laurasia, as well as the evolution and development of some penetrated ancient species oriented by adaptation to the special geographical and climatic environment of Yunnan.

Spider fauna; Endemic species; Gondwana; Lanrasia; Yunnan

國家自然科學基金資助項目，項目編號：31060070；中國博士后科學基金項目，項目編號：20090450677；云南省科技廳應用基礎研究面上項目，項目編號：2009CD092；云南省教育廳重點基金項目，項目編號：2011Z107。

2016 - 05 - 13

楊自忠(1969—)，博士，教授，碩士生導師，從事蜘蛛區系分類及生態研究。

Q959.226.2

A

1671 - 7406(2016)06 - 0015 - 11