都市大橋，奈梅亨，荷蘭

建筑設計：奈伊與普利松建筑工程公司

Architects: Ney & Poulissen Architects Engineers

都市大橋，奈梅亨，荷蘭

De Oversteek， Nijmegen， the Netherlands， 2013

建筑設計：奈伊與普利松建筑工程公司

Architects: Ney & Poulissen Architects Engineers

1　實景/Bridge view

這座大橋的設計是一場表演，它戲劇性地回應了瓦爾河、泛洪區和兩處堤岸壯美的自然環境。都市大橋為這里的景觀帶來了結構、等級和方向感。大橋的拱券作為主要特征，橫跨在河流兩岸，并加強了河道的存在感。不像純粹橫跨在水面上的功能性結構，橋洞的拱券尊重了河道的寬度，并由此確認了河岸的位置。甚至在冬季，高漲的水面淹沒了泛洪區，這座橋洞的拱券也仍舊是瓦爾河所在位置及其獨特個性的有力證明。

大橋的設計建立在結構邏輯的基礎上，作為設計出發點的基本原則是以作用力決定幾何形式。我們并沒有從形式本身出發考慮大橋的造型，而是根據作用力設計出大橋的外形。力學屬性由此成為設計的手段。一旦確定了基礎的幾何形式，就有可能研究出這種形式如何“構成”或實現。對于新建一座大橋的需求為設計一座21世紀的拱券橋梁提供了契機，而拱券橋梁正是西方文明的現代象征。瓦爾河大橋作為對應的設計表現形式和“屬于其自身時代的紀念建筑”，在形式與工程設計方面甚至提出了更高的期待。

“都市大橋”出入口匝道的設計來源于許多與自然相關的材料和建造方法。它涉及到一系列傳統技藝（現澆混凝土與磚砌技術），帶來了手工藝的質感。出入口匝道的設計、材料、尺度和細部都與拱券大橋本身不同，以人體尺度為標準經過精心設計。新的大橋以整體方式進行設計，利用了一整套與總體規劃、施工技術和概念設計等相關的當代知識。這座大橋的建設是將工程學與城市規劃和建筑學進行最優化綜合之后、經過充分考慮過程所形成的結果。這一設計過程的主要目的就是要使結構的有效性在外觀上可見。大橋沒有任何多余的“偽造物”，它符合物理原理并邏輯清晰。其結果就是形式上的自然美感。拱橋的主跨長達285m，包含拱橋和出入口匝道的結構總長達1.2km。

在入口高架橋上使用磚塊的動機來源于對大橋的重要性、建設成本、維護運營及結構設計等若干相關因素的考慮。設計出乎意料地提供了一系列能夠保持城市大橋特征的設計契機。即，磚是奈梅亨建筑傳統的一部分，而大橋上使用的混凝土拱券結構則參考了傳統穩定性加固的結構（幾個世紀以來在歷史橋梁和結構設計中一直沿用的結構和穩定性原則）。磚塊的使用和這些建造的方式確保了設計和幾何形式具有相當的靈活性。樓梯、隧道、眺望臺或其他高品質空間的設計與建造、整體欄桿和橋臺等部分的設計，情況則有所不同，它們需要專門的解決方案，都可以利用材料的自然特征、以簡單的方式進行處理。磚及其建造方法能讓結構不同的各個局部得到綜合的解決方法，并形成統一的整體。這就意味著整體設計。

磚在大橋建設中的使用很有價值——不僅因為技術的原因，也出于對審美、可持續發展和城市設計的考慮，這種材料能夠將大橋融入城市環境——因為它們采用了相同的材料，因此能夠形成一個單一整體。這座都市大橋擁有與奈梅亨其他標志性建筑相同的基因。它們在概念上的聯系至關重要。大橋共使用了550，000塊以瓦爾河河泥燒制的弗拉明戈紅磚。（徐知蘭 譯）

2　總平面/Site plan

3　實景/Bridge view

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: 荷蘭BAM皇家集團/BAM

建筑用途/Building's Purpose: 城市橋梁/City bridge

建筑面積/Usable Floor Area: 47，500m2

磚材類型/Brick Type: 飾面磚、粘土鋪地磚/Facing bricks，clay pavers

建造周期/Construction Period: 2011.03 – 2013.11

攝影/Photos: Ruud Peijnenburg （fig.1）， Stijn Bollaert （fig.3-5）

The design of the bridge stages a theatrical response to the majestic nature of the Waal River， the floodplain and the two embankments. The urban bridge brings structure， hierarchy and orientation to the landscape. The arch， which is the main feature， both confirms and spans the river. Unlike a purely functional span across the water， the arch respects the width of the river and thus endorses the location of its banks. Even in winter， when the water levels are higher and the floodplain overruns， the arch remains convincing proof of the location and identity of the Waal. The design of the bridge is based on a structural logic that takes， as its starting point， the principle that the geometry is determined by the forces at work. We do not choose forms for their own sake， but use the forces to develop a shape. The forces thus become a design tool. Once the basic geometry can be fixed， the "composition" or materialization of this form can be investigated. The need for a new bridge provided the opportunity to create a 21st-century arch bridge，a contemporary icon of Western culture. The Waal Bridge as a counterpart and "monument of its time" raises expectations even higher in terms of formal and engineering ambitions.

The ramps of "De Oversteek" are designed from a range of materials and construction methods that relate to nature. It involves traditional techniques （cast in situ concrete and brick masonry） that create a feeling of craftsmanship. The design， materials， dimensions and detailing of the ramps， unlike the arch bridge， are elaborated on a human scale. The new bridge is designed with an integral approach，using a combination of contemporary knowledge on master planning， construction techniques and conceptual design. The bridge is the result of a well thought-out process of optimization combining engineering with urbanism and architecture. A principle aim of the design process is to make the structural efficiency visible. There are no added "counterfeits". The bridge is coherent and logical in relation to physic laws. Natural beauty is a consequence. The main span of the arch bridge is 285m long； the total length of the structure， the arched bridge including the approach ramps， is 1.2km.

4　鋪磚細部/Detail of the brick craftsmanship

5　主要結構/The dominant structure of the bridge

The motivation to use brick for the approach viaducts of the bridge had several reasons dealing with status， costs， maintenance and structure. The decision unexpectedly created a number of design opportunities that were entirely in keeping with the characteristics of a city bridge. Brick is part of Nijmegen's architectural tradition， and the concrete vault structures used in the bridge refer to traditional stability-enhancing structures（the structural and stability principles applied in historic bridges and structures for centuries）. The brick and building methods would ensure considerable flexibility in design and geometry. Exceptional situations calling for specific solutions for staircases， underpasses， the creation and building of balconies or other quality places，design of integrated balustrades， abutments，etc. could be dealt with simply， using the natural characteristics of the material. The brick and her building methods would allow various structural features to be solved integrally and merged into a uniform whole. This means integral design.

The use of brick was valuable not just for technical reasons， but also in terms of aesthetics，sustainability and urban design. The material would make the bridge part of the city: they had the same materiality， and so would form a single unite. The city bridge had the same DNA as other iconic parts of Nijmegen. The conceptual link was important. 550，000 bricks type flamenco made of clay of the River de Waal were used.

6　剖面/Section

評論

張雷：這個橋梁本應是工程技術邏輯主導下的設計任務，當代的技術條件在這方面并不存在任何障礙。建筑師對連續拱結構索拱結構的組合體，自然而合理的解釋和回應了航道與河灘，交通與游憇的城市空間構成要素的相關性。

建筑師顯然更加關心如何使橋梁這讓的基礎設施構筑物成為人性化的場所。墻面通向河灘的通道激活了橋梁與自然的關系，從而使得連續拱結構的底面和橋墩作為新的空間場所的界面顯得非常重要。設計將約翰·拉斯金于工業革命初期提議的命題——傳統工藝結合現代技術，重新引入我們的視野，并且賦予其新的都市公共空間意義。

作為裝飾的弧面磚墻和精心雕琢的混凝土結構表面，喚起當代人對古老磚石砌筑的記憶。

Comments

ZHANG Lei: This bridge was supposed to be a project under the guidance of engineering and technological logic， with no obstacles in contemporary technical conditions. The architects naturally and rationally explained the combination of segmented arch-structure and cable arch-structure which responded to the relevance of the elements in urban space consisting of channels， river shores， transportation and entertainments.

Obviously， architects were more concerned with a humanized infrastructure of the bridge. The tunnel that led the wall to the flood land activated the relationship between the bridge and the nature， so as to emphasize the importance of the continuous arch structure of the bottom surface and the piers to be the interface of new space. The design brought to our attention responds to the subject proposed by John Ruskin in the early stage of the industrial revolution， namely， the combination of traditional technology with modern technology， attaching to it a new significance of urban public space.

The arc-surfaced brick wall ornament and decorative surface of concrete structure aroused the memory of contemporary people of long-standing masonry.

青鋒：這實際上是一座屬于混凝土與鋼的橋，主要結構材料以及形態特質都來自于鋼與混凝土的整體性。磚的作用是符號性的，主要用于呼應城市建筑傳統以及橋下流淌的河流 – 燒制磚的泥土就來自于河道。在這個意義之上，磚的地位是附加的裝飾。在一個大跨度橋梁中，這或許是不可避免的，當代交通設施對強度與可靠性的要求對于磚來說顯然過于苛刻。或許我們應該重新考慮磚的角色，如果主動避免將磚的裝飾效用與結構效用混淆在一起，那么磚是否可以獲得更明晰的應用？作為一種樸實的材料，磚不應該成為誤解的來源，即使是作為裝飾。

QING Feng: In actuality， this bridge is constructed using concrete and steel. Its main structural materials and morphological characteristics stem from the integrity of the above two materials. The brick acts as a symbol to echo traditional urban architecture， and as the brick came from the clay in the river which flows beneath it. The brick can be considered as additional decoration， which is common for a long-span bridge， as modern transportation requires a certain integrity and reliability that is obviously too high for bricks alone. Maybe we should reconsider the role of bricks in the contempoary era. If we begin to avoid mixing the decorative and structural， could the impact of bricks become clearer？ As a simple material， bricks should not be a cause confusion， despite merely playing a decorative role.