王利民 王海玲 彭鵬 趙逸超 祝朝前
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·論著·
三維適形放療輔助外科減黃手術治療進展期胰頭癌
王利民 王海玲 彭鵬 趙逸超 祝朝前
目的 探討三維適形放療(3D-CRT)對經外科減黃手術后胰頭癌患者的輔助治療效果。方法 回顧性分析2006年1月至2010年1月期間唐山市工人醫院肝膽外科收治的臨床診斷為晚期胰頭癌并接受姑息減黃手術治療的88例患者臨床資料,根據術后是否接受放化療分為對照組(34例)、化療組(23例)、放療組(31例)。對照組患者術后未進行放療或化療;化療組患者術后接受化療,即在第1天、第8天靜脈滴注吉西他濱1 000 mg/m2,第1天靜脈滴注順鉑80 mg/m2,21 d為1個周期,共3個周期,每個周期間隔7 d;放療組患者術后行三維適形放療,照射總劑量為3 000~4 800 cGy,每天治療1次,連續治療6 d后休息1 d,10~15 d完成治療。分析各組患者的治療效果及生存時間。結果 對照組、化療組、放療組患者術后癌性疼痛發生率分別為52.9%、39.1%、9.7%,放療組顯著低于對照組及化療組,差異均有統計學意義(P值均<0.05);輕微消化道癥狀發生率分別為8.8%、73.9%、16.1%,骨髓抑制發生率分別為0、82.6%、9.7%,放療組較對照組顯著升高,但顯著低于化療組,差異均有統計學意義(P值均<0.05)。對照組患者1、2、3年術后生存率分別為30.1%、8.3%、0,化療組分別為35.3%、14.8%、0,放療組分別為46.4%、21.1%、3.6%,放療組患者的術后生存率顯著高于對照組及化療組,差異具有統計學意義(P值均<0.05)。結論 三維適形放療對晚期胰頭癌具有姑息治療的作用,可延長部分晚期胰頭癌患者的生存時間。
胰腺腫瘤; 放射療法,適形; 腫瘤輔助療法
胰頭癌預后差,其5年生存率僅為1%~5%[1-3]。胰十二指腸切除術(Whipple術)是治療胰頭癌的最有效方法[4-5]。然而,胰頭癌多發生于高齡患者[6],其起病隱匿、轉移早,大多數患者就診時已屬晚期。加之胰十二指腸切除術后并發癥多等因素,更多的患者最終選擇姑息性減黃手術[7-8],以解除膽管和(或)十二指腸梗阻等癥狀,但是,此類姑息性手術治療方案的中遠期療效并不盡人意。隨著CT精確定位技術的發展,立體定向放療技術從最初的顱內腫瘤治療[9]逐漸拓展到體部實體腫瘤的放療領域[10-11]。本研究回顧性分析接受姑息性減黃手術治療后再行三維適形放療的胰頭癌患者的臨床資料,探討三維適形放療對外科減黃術后胰頭癌患者的輔助治療效果。
一、患者臨床資料
2006年1月至2010年1月期間唐山市工人醫院肝膽外科收治伴有梗阻性黃疸的晚期胰頭癌患者101例,年齡37~81歲,平均65歲,男性55例,女性46例。腫瘤侵犯腸系膜上動脈和(或)腹腔干65例,侵犯門靜脈(腸系膜上靜脈)預計無法根治性切除者16例,伴肝轉移10例。7例接受經皮肝穿刺膽管引流術,3例接受十二指腸鏡下膽管支架置入治療,91例行外科減黃手術。91例外科手術患者術后23例接受吉西他濱化療(化療組),31例接受三維適形放療(放療組),34例拒絕術后放療或化療(對照組),3例接受吉西他濱化療和三維適形放療(因例數少未納入研究)。
二、治療方法
納入研究的88例行外科減黃手術的患者中,28例行膽囊空腸吻合術,47例行膽囊切除+膽管空腸吻合術,13例行膽囊切除+膽管空腸吻合+胃空腸吻合術。所有減黃手術患者均行腹腔淋巴結清掃。
化療方案:在第1天、第8天靜脈滴注吉西他濱1 000 mg/m2,第1天靜脈滴注順鉑80 mg/m2,21 d為1個周期,共3個周期,每個周期間隔7 d。
三維適形放療(體部γ刀治療):患者禁食、禁水,放療定位時口服造影劑泛影葡胺20 ml加生理鹽水150 ml。患者仰臥于負壓袋上,雙臂上舉,負壓袋抽真空成型固定,放置定位架覆蓋胰腺病灶范圍,再行CT增強掃描,范圍為上中腹部,層厚5 mm,掃描完畢后核準N線值,并在患者體表與真空負壓袋上標記相對位置。CT掃描數據由PACS系統傳輸至OUR-TPS工作站,經過三維立體重建,根據腫瘤大小、形狀、臟器運動、擺位誤差等勾畫腫瘤靶區(gross traget volume, GTV)和計劃靶區(planning target volume, PTV,為GTV外放5 mm),制定治療計劃,通過劑量-體積直方圖評估治療計劃。處方劑量為300~600 cGy,等劑量曲線50%~90%覆蓋PTV,照射總劑量為3 000~4 800 cGy,相鄰部分十二指腸受量在30%~50%,脊髓受量<20%。每天治療1次,連續治療6 d后休息1 d,10~15 d完成治療。
三、觀察指標
記錄患者的一般臨床資料、術中出血量、手術并發癥、不良反應。出院后每3個月對患者定期進行電話或信件隨訪,截止日期為2012年11月30日。術后生存期從手術之日開始計算,隨訪期內死于其他疾病或隨訪截止時仍存活者視為終檢數據。
四、統計學處理
一、患者一般資料分析
對照組、化療組、放療組患者的性別、年齡、腫瘤TNM分期、手術中出血量、手術相關并發癥、術前及術后膽紅素水平的差異均無統計學意義,具有可比性;3組患者減黃手術方式的差異亦無統計學意義,具有可比性(表1)。
術后發生膽-腸吻合口瘺4例,反流性膽管炎3例,均經非手術治療痊愈;無手術相關的死亡事件。

表1 3組患者一般資料的比較
二、3組患者生活質量比較
對照組、化療組、放療組患者術后癌性疼痛發生率分別為52.9%、39.1%、9.7%,放療組顯著低于對照組及化療組,差異均有統計學意義(χ2值分別為13.87、9.63,P值均<0.05)。3組患者輕微消化道癥狀(食欲減退,或輕微腹瀉)發生率分別為8.8%、73.9%、16.1%,骨髓抑制發生率分別為0、82.6%、9.7%,放療組較對照組均顯著升高(χ2值分別為18.26、29.09),但顯著低于化療組(χ2值分別為25.50、38.49),差異均有統計學意義(P值均<0.05)。
三、3組患者遠期療效觀察
對照組患者的1、2、3年術后生存率分別為30.1%、8.3%、0,化療組分別為35.3%、14.8%、0,放療組分別為46.4%、21.1%、3.6%;3組患者中位生存期分別為6.3、9.2、12.8個月。放療組患者的術后生存率顯著高于對照組(χ2=15.45,P<0.05)及化療組(χ2=7.324,P<0.05),中位生存期亦較對照組顯著延長(χ2=4.02,P<0.05)。
胰頭癌被國際醫學界列為“21世紀的頑固堡壘”。理論上根治性或擴大的根治性胰十二指腸切除術可能改善胰頭癌患者的遠期生存率,但實際的遠期生存率卻遠遠低于預期[12-14],主要原因是胰頭癌具有較早發生淋巴結轉移和胰腺外神經浸潤的生物學特征。胰頭癌早期多無臨床癥狀,患者大多因黃疸就診,就診時往往已存在淋巴結轉移,而胰頭癌淋巴結轉移又有“隱匿、跳躍”特征。因此,盡管手術中做淋巴結清掃,但很難徹底清除遠處轉移的癌細胞,從而造成腫瘤術后復發。
單純的減黃手術雖然能迅速、有效緩解患者的黃疸癥狀,但患者多于術后3~5個月即出現惡心、厭食、厭油以及腰背部疼痛等癥狀,并且逐漸加劇,中遠期療效極差。本研究行單純減黃手術患者的中位生存時間僅為6.3個月,其原因是該手術僅解決膽管和(或)胃腸道梗阻問題,并未有效抑制腫瘤原發病灶的進一步浸潤生長、淋巴及血行轉移,因此,終末期常常發生肝、腦轉移。
國內已有較多醫療機構開展CT精確定位技術輔助治療部分姑息性手術的胰頭癌患者。本研究結果顯示,姑息性手術后接受三維適形放療,患者中位生存時間為12.8個月,有效延長晚期胰頭癌患者的生存時間。并且,相比于全身化療所致的消化道不良反應和骨髓抑制,三維適形放療具有更好的耐受性,更容易被患者接受。
綜上所述,三維適形放療對晚期胰頭癌有姑息治療的作用,可延長患者的生存時間。 然而,中晚期胰腺癌患者罕有超過3年的帶瘤生存者,尋求安全又有效的治療中晚期胰腺癌的方法,仍然任重而道遠。
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(本文編輯:呂芳萍)
The application of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy-assisted cholangioenterostomy in treating patients with advanced pancreatic head carcinoma
WangLimin,WangHailing,PengPeng,ZhaoYichao,ZhuChaoqian.
DepartmentofHepatobiliarySurgery,TangshanGongrenHospital,Tangshan063000,ChinaCorrespondingauthor:WangLimin,Email:g_lmwang@sina.com
Objective To investigate the adjuvant therapeutic efficacy of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in treating patients who underwent surgical operation for biliary drainage. Methods Clinical data on 88 clinically diagnosed advanced pancreatic head carcinoma patients who received palliative biliary drainage surgery in Tanshan Gongren Hospital from Jan 2006 to Jan 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. The cases were categorized according to the treatment into control group (n=34), chemotherapy group (n=23) and radiotherapy group (n=31). The patients in control group received no chemotherapy or radiotherapy after biliary drainage surgery. The patients in chemotherapy group received chemotherapy of 1 000 mg/m2gemcitabine intravenous infusion on day 1 and day 8, 80 mg/m2 cisplatin intravenous infusion on day 1 for each treatment cycle. Each cycle lasted for 21 days and was repeated for 3 cycles at an interval of 7 days in a treatment course. Patients in radiotherapy group received 3D-CRT for 6 successive days followed by an interval on the 7th day. The treatment course was completed within 10~15 days with the total dosage of 3 000~4 800 cGy. The therapeutic effects and survival time were analyzed. Results The incidence of cancer
Pancreatic neoplasms; Radiotherapy, conformal; Neoadjuvant therapy
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2016.05.002
063000 河北唐山,唐山市工人醫院肝膽外科(王利民、彭鵬、趙逸超、祝朝前);河北省唐山市衛生監督所(王海玲)
王利民,Email: g_lmwang@sina.com
associated pain was 52.9%, 39.1% and 9.7% in control group, chemotherapy group and radiotherapy group, respectively, which was significantly lower in radiotherapy than that in the other two groups (bothP<0.05). The incidence of mild gastrointestinal symptoms was 8.8%, 73.9% and 16.1%, respectively, and that of bone marrow suppression was 0%, 82.6% and 9.7%, respectively, which were both significantly lower in radiotherapy group than in chemotherapy group (bothP<0.05). The 1-year, 2-year and 3-year survival rate was 30.1%, 8.3%, 0% in control group, 35.3%, 14.8%, 0% in chemotherapy group and 46.4%, 21.1%, 3.6% in radiotherapy group, which in radiotherapy group was significantly higher than that in control group and chemotherapy group (allP<0.05). Conclusions 3D-CRT was a palliative strategy for advanced pancreatic head cancer, which could prolong the survival of patients.
2016-06-22)