康文臻,黨便利,孫永濤 (第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)唐都醫(yī)院全軍感染病診療中心,陜西西安710038)
·專家述評(píng)·
調(diào)節(jié)性B細(xì)胞在HIV感染中的作用研究進(jìn)展
康文臻,黨便利,孫永濤 (第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)唐都醫(yī)院全軍感染病診療中心,陜西西安710038)
調(diào)節(jié)性B細(xì)胞(Breg)作為負(fù)向調(diào)控免疫應(yīng)答的B細(xì)胞,通過(guò)分泌IL?10、TGF?β1等細(xì)胞因子發(fā)揮免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,進(jìn)而影響HIV感染及疾病進(jìn)展.本研究主要對(duì)Breg細(xì)胞的功能相關(guān)分子、免疫應(yīng)答以及其在HIV感染中的作用等方面進(jìn)行綜述.
調(diào)節(jié)性B細(xì)胞;人類免疫缺陷病毒;白介素?10
艾滋病是一種以CD4細(xì)胞減少為特征的免疫衰竭性疾病,B細(xì)胞在患者感染HIV(human immunode?ficiency virus,HIV)后易于凋亡且其免疫調(diào)節(jié)等功能發(fā)生異常,導(dǎo)致B細(xì)胞依賴的體液免疫應(yīng)答受到影響[1-4].調(diào)節(jié)性B細(xì)胞(regulatory B cells,Breg)是近來(lái)備受關(guān)注的負(fù)性調(diào)控細(xì)胞,在免疫性疾病的病理調(diào)控機(jī)制及維持免疫系統(tǒng)平衡中均發(fā)揮著重要的作用.Breg的缺失會(huì)加劇炎癥、自身免疫疾病、癌癥和感染性疾病等疾病的病癥[4-9].本研究主要對(duì)Breg細(xì)胞的功能相關(guān)分子、作用機(jī)制以及與艾滋病的致病機(jī)制相關(guān)性等方面進(jìn)行綜述.
1.1 Breg的來(lái)源Breg來(lái)源于B細(xì)胞,可分為原始型及獲得型[10].原始型Breg主要來(lái)自腸系膜淋巴結(jié),在脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)等刺激下通過(guò)Toll樣受體途徑誘使分化為獲得型Breg.目前Breg的真正起源及其表面標(biāo)志尚不完全清楚,大量的試驗(yàn)證據(jù)[11]表明所有的B細(xì)胞在一定條件才能分化為Breg亞群.
1.2 Breg的分化體內(nèi)外適當(dāng)?shù)臈l件刺激可以促進(jìn)Breg的生成[12].TLR2、TLR4等Toll樣受體(Toll like receptor,TLR)能潛在的誘導(dǎo)B細(xì)胞發(fā)揮負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)功能,而TLR9與CpG基序的寡核苷酸(CpG motif?oligodeoxynucleotides)能夠有效誘導(dǎo)記憶B細(xì)胞CD27+、CD5+B細(xì)胞和非成熟過(guò)渡期B細(xì)胞(CD24hiCD38hi)產(chǎn)生IL?10[13].近來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn),低劑量B細(xì)胞活化因子(B cell activation factor,BAFF)促使B細(xì)胞發(fā)育成熟,并誘導(dǎo)CD1dhiCD5+B細(xì)胞分泌IL?10[14].CD40屬于腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)受體超家族成員,在體內(nèi)CD40與T細(xì)胞表面的CD40配體(CD154)相交聯(lián)是激活Breg的1個(gè)基本路徑[15].有報(bào)道[16]顯示,CD40缺陷的實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫性腦脊髓膜炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,EAE)小鼠體內(nèi)Breg分泌的IL?10水平顯著降低,同時(shí)Th17和Th1免疫應(yīng)答明顯升高.除TLR和CD40之外,Breg的分化還需要B細(xì)胞抗原受體(B cell antigen receptor,BCR)、IL?21等其它信號(hào)分子參與[17-19].
多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí),Breg主要以分泌IL?10的方式介導(dǎo)負(fù)性免疫調(diào)控.Wolf等[20]通過(guò)EAE鼠模型證實(shí)了發(fā)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)生IL?10的Breg缺陷是造成EAE癥狀顯著加劇的原因.值得注意的是,Breg通過(guò)IL?10恢復(fù)Th1/Th2的平衡或直接抑制細(xì)胞固有炎癥反應(yīng)來(lái)抑制有害的免疫反應(yīng)[21-24].在各種實(shí)驗(yàn)性炎癥小鼠體內(nèi),如炎癥性腸病(Inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)、EAE、關(guān)節(jié)炎及紅斑狼瘡(lupus erythematosus,LE)等,Breg被激活可以產(chǎn)生大量IL?10[25-31].這些炎癥誘發(fā)的產(chǎn)生IL?10的Breg可以抑制炎癥進(jìn)展或促進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)炎癥性疾病如IBD、EAE、關(guān)節(jié)炎和LE的恢復(fù)[26-27,29-31].除了動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)外,許多研究報(bào)道了人類具有與小鼠Breg類似的負(fù)性免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能[32].Simma等[33]用CD40和BCR刺激健康人靜脈血分離的B細(xì)胞,并檢測(cè)了B細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的IL?10、IL?4、IL?6、IL?12、TNF?α和IFN?γ,也同樣證實(shí)了Breg細(xì)胞的存在,并發(fā)現(xiàn)它們參與了機(jī)體的免疫調(diào)節(jié).
另外,還有一些Breg亞群通過(guò)TGF?β1抑制效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞(Teff)和誘導(dǎo)效應(yīng)T、B細(xì)胞凋亡,并產(chǎn)生效應(yīng)分子以減輕炎癥等免疫應(yīng)答中發(fā)揮負(fù)性免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用[22].產(chǎn)生TGF?β1的Breg亞群可以參與小劑量誘導(dǎo)口服耐受[28,34].有趣的是,在受體小鼠內(nèi)產(chǎn)生TGF?β1的Breg通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞凋亡抑制糖尿病[35],進(jìn)而發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用.然而,不同于分泌IL?10的Breg,產(chǎn)生TGF?β1的Breg在體內(nèi)無(wú)法增殖[36].同時(shí),Breg也可以通過(guò)細(xì)胞間接觸,介導(dǎo)調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(regulatory T cells,Treg)的Foxp3(forkhead box P3)和細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞相關(guān)抗原4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte?associated antigen?4,CTLA?4)表達(dá)水平上調(diào)[37].
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Breg在機(jī)體的免疫調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)中介導(dǎo)免疫耐受,參與不同的疾病致病機(jī)制.Siewe等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn)Breg在HIV感染者體內(nèi)顯著升高,與HIV病毒載量呈正相關(guān),同時(shí)也與T細(xì)胞免疫損傷密切相關(guān).國(guó)內(nèi)研究組研究結(jié)果與上述報(bào)道類似,HIV感染過(guò)程中Breg頻率與HIV病毒載量呈正相關(guān),而與CD4細(xì)胞數(shù)量呈負(fù)相關(guān),同時(shí)證實(shí)Breg的活化有助于降低CTL的活性[8].本研究結(jié)果顯示,HIV感染者的Breg及其分泌的IL?10水平均顯著升高,且兩者呈正相關(guān)[38].Huang等[39]通過(guò)RT?PCR和ELISA方法檢測(cè)了IL?10的表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)IL?10可由AIDS相關(guān)B細(xì)胞系(AIDS?associated B?cell lines,AABCL)分泌,其受體IL?10R1和IL?10R2在多種B細(xì)胞上均有表達(dá),這提示Breg功能的變化可能參與了HIV感染發(fā)病過(guò)程的同時(shí)導(dǎo)致IL?10水平的變化.
研究[40]提示,高水平的IL?10可能與HIV感染免疫功能失調(diào)有關(guān).有學(xué)者關(guān)于Breg在T細(xì)胞免疫中的作用研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在體外IL?10hiPD?L1hi調(diào)節(jié)B細(xì)胞可以降低HIV特異性CD8介導(dǎo)CTL活性.Breg可能通過(guò)IL?10和PD?L1協(xié)同機(jī)制抑制APC功能和CD4+T細(xì)胞增殖進(jìn)而降低抗HIV的CTL活性并抑制病毒復(fù)制[41].IL?10受體拮抗劑(IL?10 receptorant antagonist,IL?10Rα)通過(guò)阻斷IL?10通路可以顯著上調(diào)HIV特異性CD4 T細(xì)胞的增殖及其效應(yīng)功能,HIV特異性CD4 T細(xì)胞所分泌的IFN?γ和IL?2也明顯增加[42-43].另有報(bào)道稱[42,44],IL?10對(duì)HIV感染者CD4 T細(xì)胞具有促凋亡的作用.因此,阻斷IL?10可以抑制CD4 T細(xì)胞亞群的凋亡[42,45].本研究結(jié)果顯示,ART促使HIV感染者的HIV病毒復(fù)制被有效控制、CD4細(xì)胞數(shù)量上升,同時(shí)Breg比例和IL?10水平均有所降低,提示Breg與HIV疾病進(jìn)展密切相關(guān),且ART治療可能通過(guò)恢復(fù)部分Breg及IL?10的表達(dá)水平來(lái)治療HIV.未啟動(dòng)ART的HIV感染者可能通過(guò)Breg的擴(kuò)增對(duì)抗機(jī)體炎癥,進(jìn)而減緩HIV病情[40].這提示Breg可能通過(guò)IL?10介導(dǎo)T細(xì)胞的免疫損傷,并抑制HIV病毒復(fù)制,對(duì)HIV感染預(yù)后發(fā)揮一定的調(diào)節(jié)作用.
綜上所述,HIV感染會(huì)使T細(xì)胞免疫受損從而導(dǎo)致免疫功能失調(diào),在此過(guò)程中Breg通過(guò)分泌IL?10等相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子,在HIV感染者機(jī)體的免疫恢復(fù)和疾病進(jìn)展過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用,且ART治療可能通過(guò)恢復(fù)部分Breg及IL?10的水平來(lái)治療HIV.然而,在HIV感染中參與Breg負(fù)性調(diào)控的信號(hào)通路、T細(xì)胞受損與Breg相關(guān)性、產(chǎn)生IL?10的Breg是否獨(dú)立進(jìn)行免疫調(diào)控均鮮有報(bào)道,有待進(jìn)一步研究.因此,研究HIV感染者細(xì)胞免疫網(wǎng)絡(luò)的相互作用與機(jī)制,尤其是明確Breg的免疫調(diào)控及其相關(guān)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)在其中的作用,對(duì)HIV免疫學(xué)治療具有重要意義.
[1]Haas KM,Watanabe R,Matsushita T,et al.Protective and patho?genic roles for B cells during systemic autoimmunity in NZB/W F1 mice[J].J Immunol,2010,184(9):4789-4800.
[2]Evans JG,Chavez?Rueda KA,Eddaoudi A,et al.Novel suppressive function of transitional 2 B cells in experimental arthritis[J].J Immunol,2007,178(12):7868-7878.
[3]Fillatreau S.Cytokine?producing B cells as regulators of pathogenic and protective immune responses[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2013,72 Suppl 2:ii80-4.
[4]Hussain S,Delovitch TL.Intravenous transfusion of BCR?activated B cells protects NOD mice from type 1 diabetes in an IL?10?dependent manner[J].J Immunol,2007,179(11):7225-7232.
[5]Mizoguchi A,Bhan AK.A case for regulatory B cells[J].J Immunol,2006,176(2):705-710.
[6]Siewe B,Stapleton JT,Martinson J,et al.Regulatory B cell frequency correlates with markers of HIV disease progression and attenuates anti?HIV CD8+T cell function in vitro[J].J Leukoc Biol,2013,93(5):811-818.
[7]Kim J,Lee HJ,Yoo IS,et al.Regulatory B cells are inversely associ?ated with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis[J].Yonsei Med J,2014,55(5):1354-1358.
[8]Wang RX,Yu CR,Dambuza IM,et al.Interleukin?35 inducesregulatory B cells that suppress autoimmune disease[J].Nat Med,2014,20(6):633-641.
[9]Xiao S,Brooks CR,Sobel RA,et al.Tim?1 is essential for induction and maintenance of IL?10 in regulatory B cells and their regulation of tissue inflammation[J].J Immunol,2015,194(4):1602-1608.
[10]Mizoguchi A,Mizoguchi E,Smith RN,et al.Suppressive role of B cells in chronic colitis of T cell receptor mutant mice[J].J Exp Med,1997,186(10):1749-1756.
[11]Gray D,Gray M.What are regulatory B cells[J].Eur J Immunol,2010,40(10):2677-2679.
[12]Rosser EC,Mauri C.Regulatory B Cells:Origin,phenotype,and function[J].Immunity,2015,42(4):607-612.
[13]Bouaziz JD,Calbo S,Maho?Vaillant M,et al.IL?10 produced by activated human B cells regulates CD4+T?cell activation in vitro[J].Eur J Immunol,2010,40(10):2686-2691.
[14]Yang M,Rui K,Wang S,et al.Regulatory B cells in autoimmune diseases[J].Cell Mol Immunol,2013,10(2):122-132.
[15]Banchereau J,Bazan F,Blanchard D,et al.The CD40 antigen and its ligand[J].Annu Rev Immunol,1994,12:881-922.
[16]Mauri C,Bosma A.Immune regulatory function of B cells[J].Annu Rev Immunol,2012,30:221-241.
[17]Matsumoto M,F(xiàn)ujii Y,Baba A,et al.The calcium sensors STIM1 and STIM2 control B cell regulatory function through interleukin?10 production[J].Immunity,2011,34(5):703-714.
[18]Sato S,Steeber DA,Tedder TF.The CD19 signal transduction mole?cule is a response regulator of B?lymphocyte differentiation[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,1995,92(25):11558-11562.
[19]Yoshizaki A,Miyagaki T,DiLillo DJ,et al.Regulatory B cells controlT?cellautoimmunitythroughIL?21?dependentcognate interactions[J].Nature,2012,491(7423):264-268.
與此同時(shí),普通本科院校多建有導(dǎo)游模擬、旅行社模擬、酒吧、茶藝室等,甚至有些學(xué)校還建設(shè)了自己的校內(nèi)酒店,方便學(xué)生實(shí)習(xí)。
[20]Wolf SD,Dittel BN,Hardardottir F,et al.Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction in genetically B cell?deficient mice[J].J Exp Med,1996,184(6):2271-2278.
[21]Fiorentino DF,Zlotnik A,Mosmann TR,et al.IL?10 inhibits cytokine production by activated macrophages[J].J Immunol,1991,147(11):3815-3822.
[22]O'Farrell AM,Liu Y,Moore KW,et al.IL?10 inhibits macrophage activation andproliferationbydistinctsignalingmechanisms:evidence for Stat3?dependent and independent pathways[J].EMBO J,1998,17(4):1006-1018.
[23]Grünig G,Corry DB,Leach MW,et al.Interleukin?10 is a natural suppressor of cytokine production and inflammation in a murine model of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis[J].J Exp Med,1997,185(6):1089-1099.
[24]Pestka S,Krause CD,Sarkar D,et al.Interleukin?10 and related cytokines and receptors[J].Annu Rev Immunol,2004,22:929-979.
[25]Mizoguchi E,Mizoguchi A,Preffer FI,et al.Regulatory role of mature B cells in a murine model of inflammatory bowel disease[J].Int Immunol,2000,12(5):597-605.
[26]Dalwadi H,Wei B,Schrage M,et al.B cell developmental require?ment for the G α i2 gene[J].J Immunol,2005,170(4):1707-1715.
[27]Gonnella PA,Waldner HP,Weiner HL.B cell?deficient(mu MT)mice have alterations in the cytokine microenvironment of the gut?as?sociated lymphoid tissue(GALT)and a defect in the low dose mech?anism of oral tolerance[J].J Immunol,2001,166(7):4456-4464.
[29]Mauri C,Gray D,Mushtaq N,et al.Prevention of arthritis by inter?leukin 10?producing B cells[J].J Exp Med,2003,197(4):489-501.
[30]Brummel R,Lenert P.Activation of marginal zone B cells from lupus mice with type A(D)CpG?oligodeoxynucleotides[J].J Immunol,2005,174(4):2429-2434.
[31]Lenert P,Brummel R,F(xiàn)ield EH,et al.TLR?9 activation of marginal zone B cells in lupus mice regulates immunity through increased IL?10 production[J].J Clin Immunol,2005,25(1):29-40.
[32]Duddy ME,Alter A,Bar?Or A.Distinct profiles of human B cell effector cytokines:a role in immune regulation?[J].J Immunol,2004,172(6):3422-3427.
[33]Simma N,Bose T,Kahlfuss S,et al.NMDA?receptor antagonists block B?cell function but foster IL?10 production in BCR/CD40?acti?vated B cells[J].Cell Commun Signal,2014,12:75.
[34]Parekh VV,Prasad DV,Banerjee PP,et al.B cells activated by lipopolysaccharide,but not by anti?Ig and anti?CD40 antibody,induce anergy in CD8+T cells:role of TGF?β1[J].J Immunol,2003,170(12):5897-5911.
[35]Tian J,Zekzer D,Hanssen L,et al.Lipopolysaccharide?activated B cells down?regulate Th1 immunity and prevent autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice[J].J Immunol,2005,167(2):1081-1089.
[36]Haan JMMD,Kraal G,Bevan MJ.Cutting edge:lipopolysaccharide induces IL?10?producing regulatory CD4+T cells that suppress the CD8+T cell response[J].J Immunol,2007,178(9):5429-5433.
[37]Mauri C,Ehrenstein MR.The‘short’history of regulatory B cells[J].Trends Immunol,2008,29(1):34-40.
[38]黨便利,李 媛,趙 柯,等.CD1dhiCD5+CD19+B細(xì)胞在HIV?1感染者外周血中的表達(dá)[J].中國(guó)艾滋病性病,2015,21(6):457-469.
[39]Huang YC,Tsukamoto K,Sharma V.Interleukin?10 promoter gene polymorphisms have no clear influence on interleukin?10 protein secretion in AIDS?associated B?cell lines[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2005,335(2):529-535.
[40]Moir S,F(xiàn)auci AS.Pathogenic mechanisms of B?lymphocyte dysfunction in HIV disease[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2008,122(1):12-19.
[41]Siewe B,Wallace J,Rygielski S,et al.Regulatory B cells inhibit cytotoxic T lymphocyte(CTL)activity and elimination of infected CD4 T cells after in vitro reactivation of HIV latent reservoirs[J].PloS One,2013,9(4):e92934.
[42]Berthelot JM,Jamin C,Amrouche K,et al.Regulatory B cells play a key role in immune system balance[J].Joint Bone Spine,2013,80(1):18-22.
[43]Lundy SK,F(xiàn)ox DA.Reduced Fas?ligand expressing splenic CD5+B lymphocytes in severe collagen?induced arthritis[J].Arthritis Res Ther,2009,11(4):R128.
[44]Said EA,Dupuy FP,Trautmann L,et al.Programmed death?1?in?duced interleukin?10 production by monocytes impairs CD4+T cell activation during HIV infection[J].Nat Med,2010,16(4):452-459.
[45]Wei B,Velazquez P,Turovskaya O,et al.Mesenteric B cells centrally inhibit CD4+T cell colitis through interaction with regulato?ry T cell subsets[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2005,102(6):2010-2015.
Research progress of the effect of regulatory B cells on the immune responses of HIV in?fection
KANG Wen?Zhen,DANG Bian?Li,SUN Yong?Tao
Department of Infectious Disease,Tangdu Hospital,F(xiàn)ourth Mili?tary Medical University,Xi'an 710038,China
Regulatory B cells(Breg)may play an important role in HIV disease to negetively regulate immune responses.They are capable of performing regulatory functions through secretion of inhibitory cytokines to monitor HIV disease infection and progres?sion,such as interleukin?10 and TGF?β1.The review focuses on molecules associated with the differentiation and function of the Breg as well as the effect of Breg on the immune responses of HIV infection.
regulatory B cells;HIV;IL?10
R392.12
A
2095?6894(2017)04?05?03
2016-12-01;接受日期:2016-12-18
國(guó)家“十二五”科技重大專項(xiàng)(2012ZX10001?003?003?004,2012ZX10001?003?004?010);第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)科技發(fā)展基金(學(xué)2016XD255)
康文臻.副教授.研究方向:艾滋病免疫學(xué)發(fā)病機(jī)制及診斷.E?mail:kangwz@fmmu.edu.cn