黃佳語,高穎
(華中科技大學同濟醫學院附屬協和醫院婦產科,武漢 430022)
AMH與卵巢儲備功能及體外胚胎發育潛能的關系
黃佳語,高穎*
(華中科技大學同濟醫學院附屬協和醫院婦產科,武漢 430022)
抗苗勒管激素(AMH)為轉化生長因子β超家族的一員,是一種二聚糖蛋白。AMH作為單一指標預測卵巢儲備功能,越來越受到重視。卵巢儲備功能與女性的生育力及絕經年齡密切相關,準確、客觀的評估女性的卵巢儲備功能,預測其生育潛能及絕經年齡,利于育齡女性做好家庭生育計劃及工作規劃。現對AMH在預測卵巢儲備功能、胚胎發育潛能的最新研究進展進行綜述。
抗苗勒管激素; 輔助生殖技術; 卵巢儲備功能; 胚胎發育潛能
(JReprodMed2017,26(1):82-86)
抗苗勒管激素(AMH)為轉化生長因子β(TGF-β)超家族中的一員,是一種二聚糖蛋白[1-2]。在女性,AMH最早由妊娠36周的胚胎卵巢內的小生長卵泡合成,于女性青春期后,AMH的生成達到高峰,貫穿于整個生育期;隨著年齡的增長,AMH血清水平下降,當女性處于絕經期時,血清中的AMH低于檢測下限[1,3]。卵巢儲備功能即卵巢皮質區卵泡生長、發育、形成可受精卵母細胞的能力[4],包括卵巢內存留的卵泡數量及質量兩方面,代表卵巢產生配子及甾體激素的能力,是生育潛能的體現,也是女性保持身心健康的重要因素。卵巢儲備功能很大程度上決定了女性的生育力及絕經年齡。評估女性的卵巢儲備功能,預測其生育潛能及絕經年齡,有利于育齡女性做好生育計劃,制定較理想的家庭及工作規劃,這在社會學領域及醫療實踐中均具有重要意義。雖然女性的卵泡的數量和卵母細胞質量都隨著年齡的增長而下降[5],但預測不同個體生育力下降的速度是很困難的[6]。所以,找到準確而便捷的評估卵巢儲備功能的方法尤為重要。近幾年隨著對AMH生理機制的研究的深入,AMH在臨床的應用日益廣泛。本文就AMH與卵巢儲備功能及體外胚胎發育潛能的相關性予以綜述。
一、AMH與卵泡的生長發育
AMH在卵泡顆粒細胞上持續表達,當卵泡發育為竇前卵泡及小竇卵泡時AMH達到表達高峰,當竇卵泡的直徑大于8 mm時AMH表達量驟減,當發展到FSH依賴階段時則不再表達[1,7]。卵泡生長發育的過程由起始募集(initial recruitment)和周期募集(cyclic recruitment)組成,研究證實,AMH抑制始基卵泡募集,降低生長卵泡對FSH的反應性,從而使FSH閾值升高,卵泡不容易被選擇[8]。AMH在整個月經周期中變化不大,可在月經周期的任意一天檢測,這種周期穩定性使其具有成為一個新的卵巢檢測標志物的可能。大量研究已證明,AMH可良好地評估卵巢對控制性促排卵(COS)的反應性[9-12],為如何使用促排卵藥物提供依據,幫助制定個性化的促排方案,降低用藥不足或過量所可能導致的風險。
二、AMH與卵巢儲備功能
1.AMH與獲卵數量:血清AMH水平與卵巢中竇前卵泡及小竇卵泡的數量呈正相關。Arce等[13]發現,AMH水平與獲卵數量有著很強的相關性;Lekamge等[14]發現,IVF患者中,血清AMH低較血清AMH高者獲卵數少。在一個對109名42歲以下的IVF患者的研究中發現,AMH水平與所獲的成熟卵(MII)以及胚胎數量呈正相關[15]。大量研究已證實,血清AMH可以相對真實地反映卵泡庫存情況,相對準確地評估卵巢的儲備數量[13-15]。
2.AMH與卵母細胞質量評估:在輔助生殖技術(ART)中,配子的質量至關重要。AMH是否可以預測卵母細胞的成熟潛能及其質量呢?Arce等[13]對7個國家25個生殖中心的749名不孕癥患者進行調查,顯示AMH與ART周期妊娠率以及活產率呈顯著正相關,但作者認為這種相關性只能反映高AMH的患者擁有更多的卵母細胞或囊胚,而并非卵母細胞質量高。另一個回顧性研究中發現,血清AMH濃度隨著年齡增長而降低,降低的程度與卵巢儲備數量呈正相關,而活產和流產率并無明顯差別,血清AMH是卵巢儲備數量(而不是質量)預測的有用指標,與活產率及流產也無關系[16]。Smeenk等[17]和Guerif等[18]也得出相似的結論。
也有不少學者認為AMH可以作為預測卵母細胞質量的指標。Lehmann等[19]發現,血清AMH<0.47 ng/ml的女性相對于參考人群(血清AMH 0.47~1.76 ng/ml)獲得可移植胚胎的可能性更低,持續妊娠率及胚胎冷凍率也更低,且周期取消率更高;并發現在<35歲的患者中,當AMH<1 ng/ml時,平均種植率降低。曾有文獻報道,以卵母細胞胞質中心區域深色顆粒化及光滑內質網的聚集程度作為負面評價指標,發現當AMH<1.66 ng/ml或>4.52 ng/ml時,其卵母細胞質量相對AMH處于中間值的人群更低[20]。目前尚需設計更加完善的實驗來證實AMH是否可以評估卵母細胞質量。
3.AMH與絕經預測:預測婦女絕經年齡,對指導圍絕經期婦女生活具有一定的指導意義。一項歐洲2 249例研究對象的隨訪隊列研究顯示:絕經的年齡與AMH水平呈負相關,當女性AMH水平低于檢測值時(0.2 ng/ml),絕經發生成為大概率事件[21]。另一項1 015例的隊列研究利用AMH與年齡估算了絕經的風險預測模型[4],但診斷性實驗后續的驗證環節尚待完成。AMH預測女性絕經年齡的研究中應該把種族、生活習慣等因素加以考慮,目前仍需大量的研究分析。
三、AMH與胚胎發育潛能
在ART中,胚胎發育潛能的評估直接影響胚胎移植的選擇和輔助生殖的臨床結局,找到合適的評估胚胎發育潛能的方法,在保證一定妊娠率的前提下,減少移植胚胎的個數是輔助生殖技術發展的趨勢。評價胚胎質量的方法多種多樣:選取特定的時間點進行形態學指標的觀察,即胚胎形態學評估;近幾年興起的延時攝像(time-lapse)技術可以通過全程連續監測胚胎的發育過程,有效地預測卵裂期胚胎的發育潛能[22];移植前遺傳學診斷技術(PGD)可以對攜帶遺傳性致病基因的夫婦或者患者夫婦進行孕前診斷,在胚胎移植前挑選表型正常的胚胎[23];體外胚胎培養液代謝組學測定也是近年研究的熱點[24];Yamanaka等[25]發現,通過測定胚胎的呼吸率可挑選出具有高發育潛能的囊胚。ART中評估胚胎質量的方法在不斷地發展、改進,但常規胚胎形態學評估因其快速、無創、便捷等優勢,仍是目前臨床應用最廣泛的評估胚胎質量的方式。胚胎形態學的評分大致可分為原核期評分、早卵裂期、D2/D3胚胎評估、囊胚評分等[26-27]。在胚胎的連續發育過程中,結合各個階段的發育情況綜合考慮,才能選擇出發育潛能較高的胚胎,從而達到獲得滿意的臨床妊娠率并降低多胎妊娠率的目的。
1.血清AMH與胚胎發育潛能:Brodin等[28]在一個892名患者的隊列研究中發現,53名血清AMH<0.2 ng/ml的女性中有18名進行了胚胎移植,而最終妊娠的僅3名;在此研究中,患者的平均月經周期長度、竇卵泡計數(AFC)、胚胎評分、妊娠率、活產率與AMH水平呈正比,而基礎FSH水平、促排時給予的rFSH/HMG劑量、周期取消率與AMH水平呈反比。
在一個回顧性研究中,Kavoussi等[29]發現,在<35歲的患者中,血清AMH<1 ng/ml的患者所獲得的高質量的囊胚顯著低于AMH為1~4 ng/ml的患者,臨床妊娠率分別為40.0%和57.1%;在>35歲的患者中,血清AMH<1 ng/ml的患者所獲得的高質量的囊胚仍顯著低于AMH為1~4 ng/ml的患者,臨床妊娠率分別為22.6%和51.5%。無論是在<35歲的患者或>35歲的患者,血清AMH值越低,其所獲得的高質量的囊胚越少,臨床妊娠率降低。因此認為血清AMH可預測是否有多余的優質囊胚用于冷凍保存,AMH值越低,囊胚冷凍的可能性越小。在另一個研究中也得到了相似的結果:平均年齡為36.3歲的IVF患者中,獲得囊胚的患者治療前血清AMH水平顯著高于無囊胚形成的患者[30]。Lin等[31]發現174名患者中,低AMH組(AMH<2 ng/ml)中的胚胎卵裂率、胚胎評分、所形成胚胎個數、D3優質胚胎率均顯著低于高AMH組,而單次移植的臨床妊娠率、種植率、流產率及單次活產率則相似。
也有實驗發現血清AMH濃度與妊娠結局無關,僅流產率在AMH>2.5 ng/ml組最高,認為血清AMH濃度不會影響卵母細胞質量及妊娠機會[32]。
2.卵泡液AMH與胚胎發育潛能:最近一項研究中,Kim等[33]收集54名女性的≥20 mm的卵泡液,將65份卵泡液樣本按照AMH值分為低值組(低于第33百分位,卵泡液AMH<2.1 ng/ml,n=21)、中間組(第33~67百分位,卵泡液AMH 2.1~3.6 ng/ml,n=22)和高值組(高于第67百分位,卵泡液AMH>3.6 ng/ml,n=22),對3組分別進行授精培養,發現卵泡液AMH水平與第3日的胚胎評分呈正相關,并且低值組的正常妊娠率明顯低于中間組(61.9% vs. 95.5%)。在一個包含150名不孕患者的研究中,陳藝等[34]發現當患者<35歲時,對于IVF-ET臨床妊娠結局有預測價值的指標為卵泡液AMH(P<0.01),認為卵泡液AMH水平能夠較好地預測年輕患者的IVF-ET臨床結局。Fanchin等[35]、Hattori等[36]也曾就卵泡液AMH濃度與妊娠結局的關系做出研究,并得出相似結論。
3.AMH與活產率:早期有研究發現,AMH是可用于預測活產率及獲卵數的卵巢標志物[37]。La Marca等[38]發現,AMH濃度處于0.4~2.8 ng/ml和<0.4 ng/ml的時候獲得活產率分別比>2.8 ng/ml的患者的活產率低44%和86%。更多的研究則是認為AMH不可用于預測活產率。Mutlu等[39]發現,只有年齡才是預測活產率的最佳指標,而其他指標如AFC、AMH等均不能單獨用于預測活產率。一項納入28個相關研究的Meta分析[9],發現年齡獨立預測IVF結局的準確性最強,受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線下面積(AUC)為0.57,而聯合AMH和AFC后的曲線下面積(AUC)為0.59,作者認為AMH等其他除年齡外的指標均不能預測IVF結局。
四、結語
AMH已成為輔助生殖研究領域的研究熱點,了解AMH的生理作用及其詳細調控機制將有助于全面的認識卵巢儲備的變化過程,并為更加個體化的IVF方案做出指導作用。近期的研究顯示,AMH預測卵母細胞及胚胎質量方面尚處于數據積累階段,目前的研究結果存在矛盾,血清AMH水平在囊胚發育中的預測意義仍待后續研究來證實。目前臨床上暫無預測卵巢儲備功能及胚胎發育潛能的公認指標,但AMH以其穩定、易檢測等優勢成為最具潛力者。未來仍需更多嚴謹的研究以及詳盡的統計數據,制定可靠的AMH參考值作為臨床應用的標準。
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[編輯:羅宏志]
AMH and correlation with oocyte quality and embryonic developmental potential
HUANG Jia-yu, GAO Ying*
DepartmentofObstetrics&Gynecology,WuhanUnionHospital,TongjiMedicalCollege,HuazhongUniversityofScience&Technology,Wuhan430022
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a peptide homodimer consisting of two identical glycoprotein subunits, is a member of the transforming growth factor-? super family. As a single ovarian reserve predicted marker, AMH is attracting more and more attention. Ovarian reserve function is closely related with female fertility and menopause age. Thus, accurate and objective assessment of women’s ovarian reserve function plays important roles in making appropriate family and career plans. This article reviews the researches on AMH and the correlation with of ovarian reserve function and embryonic development potential.
Anti-Müllerian hormone; Assisted reproductive techniques; Ovarian reserve function; Embryonic development potential
10.3969/j.issn.1004-3845.2017.01.016
2016-06-29;
2016-07-26
黃佳語,女,重慶人,在讀碩士生,婦產科專業.(*