黃旭,張浪,郝吉,程卓,馮天輝,舒廣文
(中南民族大學藥學院化學生物學系,湖北武漢430074)
石見穿多糖對脂多糖和D-氨基半乳糖胺聯合誘導小鼠急性肝衰竭的保護作用
黃旭,張浪,郝吉,程卓,馮天輝,舒廣文
(中南民族大學藥學院化學生物學系,湖北武漢430074)
目的研究石見穿多糖(PSSC)對脂多糖(LPS)/D-氨基半乳糖胺(GaIN)誘導小鼠急性肝衰竭(ALF)的保護作用及可能機制。方法將昆明小鼠隨機分為正常組、模型組、PSSC 30和100 mg·kg-1給藥組。給藥組每日1次,連續給藥1周。給藥結束后,除正常組外,其余各組ip給予LPS 10μg·kg-1和GalN 700 mg·kg-1,制備小鼠ALF模型。HE染色法檢測肝組織病理變化;用試劑盒法檢測血清谷草轉氨酶(GOT)和谷丙轉氨酶(GPT)及肝過氧化氫酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平;DCFH-DA熒光探針法檢測肝組織活性氧(ROS)的相對含量;ELISA法測定血清及肝組織中腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)、白細胞介素1β(IL-1β)和IL-6的含量;胱天蛋白酶3活性測試試劑盒檢測小鼠肝組織勻漿中胱天蛋白酶3的活性。結果與正常對照組相比,模型組小鼠肝細胞排列雜亂,胞質皺縮,細胞邊界模糊,可見較大量的炎癥細胞浸潤和明顯的肝組織內出血,病理評分明顯升高(P<0.01);MDA和ROS含量分別升高至正常對照組的2.2倍和4.3倍(P<0.01),GSH含量下降至51%(P<0.01),抗氧化酶SOD,CAT和GSH-Px的活性分別降低至74%,36%和42%(P<0.01),TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6的水平有明顯提高(P<0.01),胱天蛋白酶3活性升高至正常對照組的5.3倍(P<0.01)。與模型組相比,PSSC組小鼠存活比例明顯升高(P<0.01);小鼠肝組織病理評分降低(P<0.01);MDA和ROS含量升高(P<0.01),GSH含量下降(P<0.01);TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6的含量降低(P<0.01);胱天蛋白酶3活性降低(P<0.01)。結論PSSC對LPS和GalN聯合誘導的小鼠ALF具有良好的緩解作用,該作用可能與降低肝氧化應激、抑制肝炎癥反應和細胞凋亡相關。
多糖,石見穿;急性肝衰竭;脂多糖;氨基半乳糖
急性肝衰竭(acute liverfailure,ALF)是一種由短時間內肝細胞大量死亡而導致的一種嚴重臨床綜合征,死亡率極高。目前臨床上特異性地針對ALF的有效治療手段仍然十分缺乏[1]。石見穿(Salvia chinensis Benth.)是唇形科植物華鼠尾草的干燥地上部分,主產于蘇、皖、贛、湘、鄂、粵和桂等省區。傳統中醫認為,石見穿活血化瘀、清熱利濕和散結消腫,可用于治療濕熱黃疸、熱毒血痢、風濕骨痛、帶狀皰疹、麻風和跌打傷腫等病癥[2-3]。臨床上常將該藥材用于炎癥及腫瘤相關疾病的治療。多糖是石見穿藥材的主要化學成分之一。植物來源的多糖具有廣泛的生物學活性[4-6]。石見穿多糖(polysaccharides from S.chinensis,PSSC)具有顯著的免疫調節活性[7-8]。免疫細胞和免疫因子在ALF發生發展過程中扮演了重要角色。然而,目前關于PSSC對ALF藥效作用的理論研究尚不完善。脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)和D-氨基半乳糖胺(D-galactosamine,GalN)聯合誘導小鼠ALF是實驗室常用的ALF動物模型。本研究用該模型評價了PSSC對ALF的緩解作用,并對可能的機制進行了初步探索。
1.1 動物、藥物、試劑和儀器
昆明種雄性小鼠,8周齡,購自湖北省疾病預防控制中心,SPF級動物許可證書編號:SCXK(鄂)2015-0018。實驗小鼠飼養于中南民族大學藥學院的無特定病原體屏障系統內。實驗動物房環境設施許可證號:SYXK(鄂)2016-0089。本研究所有涉及實驗動物的實驗操作均經過中南民族大學實驗動物倫理委員會審批。小鼠飼養1周適應環境后開始實驗。
PSSC的制備參考文獻[9]。將石見穿藥材磨成粉末,石油醚萃取去除脂質,過濾干燥,按1∶10比例加入雙蒸水,于90°C回流提取2.5 h,提取4次,合并提取液濃縮到500 mL。再按1∶4的比例加入95%乙醇,靜置過夜,抽濾得粗多糖。將粗多糖溶于適量雙蒸水,用Sevage試劑抽提4次以除去蛋白,而后再次乙醇沉淀。用丙酮洗滌沉淀,揮干丙酮后即得PSSC。
LPS、GalN和活性氧(reactive oxygen spe?cies,ROS)熒光探針DCFH-DA(美國Sigma公司)。谷草轉氨酶(glutamic-oxalacetic transami?nase,GOT)、谷丙轉氨酶(glutamic-pyruvic trans?aminase,GPT)、過氧化氫酶(catalase,CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)(上海源葉生物科技公司)。丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)和谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)含量測定試劑盒(蘇州科銘生物技術有限公司)。腫瘤壞死因子α(tumornecrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白細胞介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和IL-6含量測定試劑盒(南京建成生物技術研究所)。胱天蛋白酶3活性檢測試劑盒(碧云天生物技術公司)。
5810R高速冷凍離心機(德國Eppendorf公司);L-550臺式低速離心機(湖南湘潭離心機有限公司)。354多功能酶標儀(美國Thermo公司);cp114電子天平(美國奧豪斯儀器有限公司)。ZH-2自動渦旋混合器(天津藥典標準儀器廠)。970CRT型熒光分光光度計(上海三科儀器有限公司)。
1.2 實驗分組及處理[10]
40只小鼠隨機分為4組,每組10只,分別為正常組、模型組、PSSC 30和100 mg·kg-1給藥組。給藥組分別ig給予PSSC 30或100 mg·kg-1,其余各組ig給予等體積生理鹽水,每天1次,連續1周。最后一次給藥結束2 h后,模型組和給藥組ip給予LPS 10μg·kg-1和GalN 700 mg·kg-1制備ALF模型,正常組ip給予等體積生理鹽水。
1.3 小鼠存活情況觀察及肝指數
觀察各組小鼠24 h內存活情況,每3 h記錄1次。在小鼠瀕死時(存活小鼠則在造模24 h后)麻醉處死,解剖摘取肝,稱重,計算肝指數。肝指數=肝質量(g)/體質量(g)×100。將部分肝組織置于10%中性甲醛中固定,用于組織病理檢測,其余冷凍保存,用于生化分析。
1.4 HE染色檢測肝組織病理變化
將1.3肝組織塊切成4μm厚的切片,HE染色。光學顯微鏡下進行組織病理觀察,對小鼠肝組織病理進行半定量評分[11-12]。0分:肝細胞排列整齊、致密,無組織內出血,無炎癥細胞浸潤;1分:肝細胞排列疏松,可見部分空泡變性,有少量組織內出血或炎癥細胞浸潤;2分:部分肝組織顯微結構和肝細胞形態破壞,伴有部分組織內出血或炎癥細胞浸潤;3分:大面積肝癥顯微結構和肝細胞形態破壞,伴有明顯的組織內出血或炎癥細胞浸潤。
1.5比色法檢測血清和肝組織生化指標
在小鼠瀕死狀態下(存活小鼠則在造模24 h后)進行眼眶靜脈叢取血,分離血清,血清中GPT和GOT水平以及肝組織中MDA,GSH,SOD,CAT,GSH-Px和胱天蛋白酶3水平均按試劑盒說明書進行測定。
1.6 DCFH-DA熒光探針法定測定肝組織中ROS的相對含量
將適量的肝組織懸浮在冰冷的含(mmol·L-1)Tris-HCl(pH 7.4)20,MgCl25,KCl130,NaH2PO420和葡萄糖30的緩沖液中,研磨均勻成組織勻漿。將組織勻漿于4°C,12 000×g離心15 min,取上清液。向上清液中加入終濃度為5μmol·L-1的DCFH-DA,混勻,37°C孵育15 min后,加入終濃度為1μmol·L-1H2O2終止反應,在熒光分光光度計上測定熒光強度(fluorescence intensity,FI),以實驗組FI/對照組FI比值表示ROS的相對含量[10]。
1.7 ELISA法測定血清和肝細胞炎癥因子的含量
血清和肝勻漿中TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6的含量測定均按照ELISA試劑盒說明書進行。
1.8 統計學分析
實驗結果數據用x±s表示。采用t檢驗比較2個給藥組數據差別的統計學意義。采用Kaplan-Meier檢驗法比較給藥對小鼠存活的影響。如>2個組(如模型組和兩個給藥組的比較),則先采用單因素方差分析比較多個組的數據差異,然后采用Scheffe法進行均數的兩兩比較。P<0.05認為差異具有統計學意義。
2.1 石見穿多糖對急性肝衰竭小鼠存活的影響
如圖1結果顯示,ALF模型小鼠12 h有7/10存活,24 h有2/10存活。PSSC 30 mg·kg-1組小鼠12 h有8/10存活,24 h有5/10存活;PSCC 100 mg·kg-1組小鼠12 h有9/10存活,24 h有7/10存活。采用Kaplan-Meier檢驗法,與模型組比較,PSSC 100 mg·kg-1組小鼠存活比例明顯提高,2條生存曲線存在統計學差異(P<0.01),提示PSSC對LPS和GalN聯合誘導的小鼠死亡具有緩解作用。
2.2 石見穿多糖對急性肝衰竭小鼠肝組織病理及肝指數的影響

Fig.1 Effect of polysaccharides from S.chinensis(PSSC)on survival of LPS and GalN-induced acute liver failure(ALF)mice.The mice of PSCC groups were ip given PSCC 30 or 100 mg·kg-1once a day,for a week.Other groups were ip given with equal volumes of saline.Two hours after drug treat?ment,modeland PSSC groups were ip injected with LPS 10μg·kg-1and GalN 700 mg·kg-1.n=10.Compared with modelgroup,the survivalcurve of PSSC 100 mg·kg-1group was of statisticaldiffer?ence(P<0.01).
小鼠肝組織顯微病理結果(圖2)顯示,正常對照組肝細胞緊湊排列,胞質充盈,無明顯炎癥細胞浸潤和組織內出血。模型組肝細胞排列雜亂,胞質皺縮,細胞邊界模糊,可見大量的炎癥細胞浸潤和明顯的肝組織內出血。半定量評分結果表明,與正常對照組比較,模型組肝組織病理評分升高(P< 0.01),是正常組對照組的9.3倍;與模型組比較,PSSC 30和100 mg·kg-1組肝組織病理評分則分別下降至57%和25%(P<0.01)(表1)。肝指數結果(表1)顯示,與正常組對照組相比,模型組小鼠肝指數升高(P<0.01),是正常對照組的1.26倍;與模型組相比,PSSC 30和100 mg·kg-1組肝指數分別下降至86%和78%(P<0.01),提示PSSC 30和100 mg·kg-1可緩解LPS和GalN聯合誘導的肝損傷。

Tab.1 Effect of PSSC on liver indexes and pathological scores of ALF mice
2.3 石見穿多糖對急性肝衰竭小鼠血清轉氨酶活性的影響
血清GPT和GOT活性分析結果(表2)顯示,模型組小鼠血清GPT和GOT活性升高(P<0.01),分別是正常對照組的86.8和12.8倍,提示模型組小鼠出現肝細胞損傷。與模型組相比,PSSC 30和100 mg·kg-1組顯著降低LPS和GalN聯合誘導的血清GPT和GOT活性升高(P<0.01),血清GPT分別下降至21%和3%,血清GOT分別下降至49%和16%。

Tab.2 Effect of PSSC on activity of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase(GPT)and glutamic-oxalacetic trans?aminase(GOT)in serum of ALF mice

Fig.2 Effect of PSSC on liver pathologicalmorphology of ALF mice detected by HE staining.See Fig.1 for the mouse treatment.Arrows indicate hepatic hemorrhage or infiltration ofinflammatory cells.
2.4 石見穿多糖對急性肝衰竭小鼠肝氧化應激酶含量及抗氧化酶活性的影響
氧化應激酶含量檢測結果(表3)顯示,與正常對照組比,模型組小鼠肝組織中MDA含量上升(P<0.01),是正常對照組的2.23倍;抗氧化因子GSH含量則下降至51%(P<0.01),ROS的相對含量上升(P<0.01),是正常對照組的4.31倍;提示ALF模型小鼠肝組織中出現明顯的氧化應激。與模型組相比,PSSC 30和100 mg·kg-1組小鼠肝組織中MDA和ROS的含量降低(P<0.01),GSH含量升高(P<0.01),提示PSSC 30和100 mg·kg-1可緩解ALF模型小鼠肝組織中出現的氧化應激。
抗氧化酶活性檢測結果(表4)顯示,與正常對照組比,模型組小鼠肝組織中SOD,CAT和GSH-Px活性降低(P<0.01);與模型組相比,PSSC 30和100 mg·kg-1組小鼠肝組織中SOD,CAT和GSH-Px活性升高(P<0.01)。
2.5 石見穿多糖對急性肝衰竭小鼠血清和肝組織炎癥因子含量的影響
小鼠血清(表5)及肝組織(表6)炎癥因子含量檢測結果顯示,與正常組相比,模型組小鼠血清和肝組織中TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6的含量增加(P<0.01)。與模型組相比,PSSC 30和100 mg·kg-1組小鼠血清和肝組織中TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6含量降低(P<0.01)。
2.6 石見穿多糖對急性肝衰竭小鼠肝組織胱天蛋白酶3活性的影響
小鼠肝組織中胱天蛋白酶3活性檢測結果(表7)顯示,與正常組對照相比,模型組小鼠肝組織中胱天蛋白酶3活性增加,是正常組對照的5.28倍(P<0.01)。與模型組相比,PSSC 30和100 mg·kg-1組肝組織胱天蛋白酶3活性分別降低至68%和36%(P<0.01)。

Tab.3 Effect of PSCC on content of malondialdehyde(MDA),glutathione(GSH)and reactive oxygen species(ROS)in liver tissue of ALF mice

Tab.4 Effect of PSSC on activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes of ALF mice

Tab.5 Effect of PSCC on serum content of inflammatory factors in ALF mice

Tab.6 Effect of PSSC on hepatic inflammation factors in ALF mice

Tab.7 Effect of PSSC on activity of hepatic caspase 3 in ALF mice
LPS和GalN的聯合作用下,小鼠肝細胞在短時間內被大量破壞,肝功能迅速衰竭,ALF小鼠迅速死亡[13-14],與本研究結果一致。本研究結果顯示,PSSC明顯延長了ALF模型小鼠的存活時間。提示PSSC對ALF誘導的小鼠死亡具有明顯的緩解作用。
本研究結果還顯示,PSSC可降低ALF模型小鼠血清GPT和GOT的活性及肝組織病理評分。肝細胞受損后,細胞內的轉氨酶釋放進入機體內環境,血清GPT和GOT水平可顯示肝細胞的受損程度[15-17]。因此提示,PSSC能緩解ALF模型小鼠的肝細胞損傷。
肝氧化應激與LPS和GalN聯合誘導的ALF緊密相關[18-21]。PSSC給藥后,ALF模型小鼠肝和血清中GSH,SOD,GSH-Px和CAT的水平均顯著增加,而MDA含量則明顯下降。這些研究結果說明,PSSC可提高ALF小鼠肝組織抗氧化酶活性,增加抗氧化因子GSH含量,降低氧化應激標志物水平。不僅如此,PSSC還能明顯降低肝組織ROS的相對含量。因此,緩解肝氧化應激在PSSC的肝保護活性中發揮了重要作用。
經PSSC處理后,ALF模型小鼠血清和肝組織中TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6含量均明顯降低。這些炎癥因子可與肝細胞表面相關受體相結合,啟動受體下游信號轉導通路,破壞肝細胞功能,甚至誘導肝細胞死亡[22-23],在LPS和GalN聯合誘導ALF的過程中起到關鍵作用[24]。本研究結果提示,抑制炎癥反應與PSSC的肝保護活性相關。
PSSC顯著抑制了ALF模型小鼠肝組織中胱天蛋白酶3活性。在ALF發生的過程中,細胞凋亡扮演了重要的角色,胱天蛋白酶3是介導細胞凋亡的重要因子,LPS和GalN可能通過激活胱天蛋白酶3活性而導致肝細胞異常凋亡繼而出現ALF[25-27]。本研究結果提示,抑制肝細胞凋亡在PSSC的肝保護活性中亦起到重要作用。
綜上所述,PSSC對LPS和GalN聯合誘導的小鼠ALF具有明顯的緩解作用,可能與其降低ALF小鼠肝組織氧化應激、抑制炎癥反應和阻止細胞凋亡相關。
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Protective effect of Salvia chinensis Benth.polysaccharides on lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine induced acute liver failure in mice
HUANG Xu,ZHANG Lang,HAO Ji,CHENG Zhuo,FENG Tian-hui,SHU Guang-wen
(Department of ChemicalBiology,Schoolof PharmaceuticalSciences,South-CentralUniversity for Nationalities,Wuhan 430074,China)
OBJECTIVETo explore the protective effectof polysaccharides from Salvia Chinensis Benth.(PSSC)on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)and D-galactosamine(GalN)-provoked mouse acute liver failure(ALF)and the possible molecular mechanism.METHODSKunming mice were randomly divided into four groups:normalcontrol,model,model+PSSC 30 and 100 mg·kg-1groups.PSCC was given once a day and for a week.To establish an ALF model,mice ofmodeland PSSC groups were ip injected with LPS 10μg·kg-1and GalN 700 mg·kg-1atthe end of PSSC treatment.The microscopic structure of the liver was detected by HE staining.Serum and hepatic biochemicalparameters ofglutamic-oxalacetic transaminase(GOT),glutamic-pyruvic transaminase(GPT),catalase(CAT),superoxide dismutase (SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),malondialdehyde(MDA),and glutathione(GSH)were detected by colorimetric methods.The relative content of hepatic reactive oxygen species(ROS)was measured by DCFH-DA fluorescentprobes.Levels ofcytokines tumornecrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin 1β(IL-1β) and IL-6 in the serum and liver were detected by ELISA.Activity of caspase 3 in liver homogenates was detected by aspase 3 activity assay kit.RESULTSCompared with normalcontrolgroup,in the liver ofmodelgroup,hepatocytes were arrayed in disorder,cytoplasm ofhepatocytes shrank,and boundaries between cells were fuzzy,the infiltration of a large number of inflammatory cells and tissue hemorrhage could be detected,pathologicalscores were elevated significantly(P<0.01),levels of MDA and ROS in the liver of ALF modelmice were elevated to 2.2 and 4.3 times thatof the normalcontrol,respectively (P<0.01),the level of GSH decreased to 51%(P<0.01),and the activities of SOD,CAT and GSH-Px declined to 74%,36%and 42%,respectively(P<0.01).Levels of TNF-α,IL-1βand IL-6 in the serum and liver ofmodelgroup were increased(P<0.01),and caspase 3 activity was increased to 5.3 times that of the normal control(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the number of surviving mice in PSSC groups increased,liver pathologicalscores declined(P<0.01),levels of MDA and ROS increased (P<0.01),levels of GSH,TNF-α,IL-1βand IL-6 in the liver and serum declined(P<0.01),and caspase 3 activity decreased(P<0.01).CONCLUSIONPSSC is able to alleviate LPS and GalN-induced ALF in mice. Inhibition ofhepatic oxidative stress,inflammatory response,and cellapoptosis is possibly implicated in the protective effect of PSSC.
polysaccharides,Salvia chinensis;acute liverfailure;lipopolysaccharides;galactosamine
SHU Guang-wen,E-mail:shuguangwen@whu.edu.cn,Tel/Fax:(027)67841196
R265.5
:A
:1000-3002-(2017)04-0311-07
10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2017.04.003
Foundation item:The project supported by Research Project of Higher Education from Hubei Provincial Department of Education(2015195)
2016-11-11接受日期:2017-04-01)
(本文編輯:賀云霞)
湖北省高等學校省級教學研究項目(2015195)
黃旭,男,化學生物學專業本科生;舒廣文,男,理學博士,副教授,主要從事傳統藥物治療肝疾病的物質基礎與作用機制研究。
舒廣文,E-mail:shuguangwen@whu.edu.cn,Tel/ Fax:(027)67841196