田光磊,田文,趙俊會
(北京積水潭醫院 手外科,北京 100035)
(本文接上期)
掌長肌,于靈長類動物來說,是塊不斷退化的肌肉,極具變異性,如二腹肌、雙肌腹、副肌、肌腹-肌腱位置互換、肌腹缺失、缺如等,其中多數為返祖現象。掌長肌肥大,目前僅報道5例,且都是單側發生。
⑴1948年Goulding[57]報道1例:患者 男,22歲,發育正常,體健,右前臂掌面偏尺側有卵圓形隆起5年,發現突然,無誘因,手術探查見掌長肌肥大,未予處理。之后,其大小無變化,長軸與前臂一致,主動屈腕時體積略增且質地變硬。近1年出現鈍痛,但無礙手功能及工作,查體未見其他異常,無家族病史。再次手術探查,見掌長肌甚巨大,肌腹抵近肌腱止點,予以大部切除。術后恢復正常。
⑵1964年Ashby[58]報道1例:患者 女,13歲,(非優勢)右前臂遠1/3掌側中央條狀膨隆,拇示中環指麻痛3年,膨隆略呈藍色,無壓痛,感覺無喪失,肌力無減退,只是雙手掌呈“猿手”狀,雙手、軀干、雙下肢皮膚粗糙、皮紋深,其母、其弟也如此。手術探查見正中神經正常,而掌長肌卻肥大,肌腹附著在屈肌支持帶上,予以切除。組織學檢查:正常肌肉。術后恢復正常。Ashby認為,肥大似無關返祖。
⑶1992年楊國慶[59]報道1例:患者 男,24歲,工人,因右腕管綜合征2個月行松解手術,見掌長肌肥大,肌腹遠端遠側延展,接近肌腱止點,并壓迫正中神經。術前X線平片未顯示任何異常。
⑷1998年Polesuk和Helms[60]報道1例:患者男,26歲,手工業者,(優勢)右前臂掌側無痛膨隆2年,MRI見掌長肌極度肥大,肌腹向遠側延展,直至止點。未處理。隨訪2年無變化。
⑸2015年Barkats[61]在一項關于掌長肌發生與缺如率的調查中發現1例:患者 女,22歲,左前臂掌側有條狀膨隆,位置略偏尺側,觸診為質軟組織。根據體檢,他們認為是掌長肌肥大所致?;颊咧髟V示、中指及腕部有刺痛感,屈指握拳時有疼痛感;從事某些活動時,環、小指也常有疼痛不適。Barkats認為這些都是正中、尺神經受壓的表現,需做進一步的診療,但患者以宗教因素為由拒絕了Barkats的建議。肥大何時出現,作者未述,但認為屬肌肉變異。未作影像學檢查,即診斷肥大,是否合適有待商榷。
1975年Harrelson和Newman[62]報道1例:患者男,22歲,右腕尺管綜合征2個月,腕掌尺側橫紋近側膨隆,且有壓痛,認為是神經腫瘤,手術才知是尺側腕屈肌肥大,肌腹延長,直至豌豆骨,并壓迫尺神經,予以部分切除。術后隨訪1年,一切正常。
上肢肌肥大,文獻中無此稱謂,是我們自撰,暫用于此,僅為表述方便。此肌肥大出生即有,多累及一側上肢,即一側上肢多塊肌肉非進行性肥大,且與性別無關;現共報道40余例,可謂是肢肌肥大中的大戶。其中,大部分病例來自日本和中國。此肌肥大病例較多,綜而述之,不再堆砌病例數據了。
上肢肌肥大,既有知名肌肉也包括迷走(副)肌肉,尤以手、前臂為甚,其結果:⑴手通常肥于前臂,前臂又碩于上臂及肩部,即肢體遠端肥大重、近端輕;⑵肩及前臂活動多正常,肘與腕偶有屈曲、背伸攣縮,手則是畸形嚴重,功能缺失,如拇指過度外展、背伸時無法與其他手指捏合,示指旋前、屈曲時會與中指相疊羅,手指掌指關節掌屈、尺偏時形同吹風手,伸直受限,不經手術很難有所恢復(圖6-8)。
上肢肌肥大,還有許多別稱,如:⑴魚際和小魚際重復肌 (duplication of the thenar and hypothenar muscles);⑵迷走肌肉綜合征(aberrant muscle syndrome);⑶副肌肉綜合征 (accessory muscle syndrome);⑷先天性單上肢肌肥大(congenital unilateral upper limb muscular hypertrophy/congenital monomelic muscular hypertrophy of the upper extremity);⑸先天性單側上肢肌源性肥大綜合征(unilateral congenital upper limb myohypertrophy)。

圖6 左手背側

圖7 左手掌側

圖8 左手X線片
上肢肌肥大者,智力、身體發育均正常,肌力正常或增加,骨骼基本正常,且無家族遺傳病史。2013-2014年Casiglioni等[63,64]報道 1 例 6 歲女童左上肢肌肥大,出生即存在,包括肩帶肌,發育正常,無海神、CLOVES綜合征等過度生長性疾患,更無家族遺傳病史。X線平片見骨骼正常。超聲、MRI檢查見上肢諸肌肥大,手部還有肥大的迷走肌肉。第1背側骨間肌活檢見肌纖維增粗,纖維粗細差異增大,束膜、內膜纖維化增多;Ⅰ型纖維為優勢纖維;肌原纖維間網(intermyofibrillar network)雜亂。超微檢查見肌原纖維排列無序,肌質管擴張。AKT1(蛋白激酶B)、PIK3CA(磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶催化亞基α)和PTEN(一種抑癌基因)Sanger測序,見肌肉PIK3CA基因p.H1047R激活突變,位點在c.3140A>G,而血細胞PIK3CA基因則無此突變。因此Castiglioni等認為,單側上肢肌肥大,與PIK3CA基因突變有關。其結論可靠與否,還需驗證。因為一系列過度發育綜合征,甚至結腸癌、乳腺癌,均可檢測到PIC3CA基因的突變,即此基因突變未必是致肌肥大的根本原因。
2016年Kalay等[65]報道1例雙側上肢肌肥大??磥?,上肢肌肥大還是可以雙側發生的。
治療上肢肌肥大,首選依然是肥大肌肉切除,之后是旋轉切骨內固定矯正手指旋前,松解植皮矯正皮膚攣縮,肌腱移位矯正關節尺偏等。
現有3例,由Almansoor等[66]在1998年報道。
患者1:男,4歲,不好運動,右肩胛骨區膨隆,無痛,超聲、CT檢查見肩胛骨周圍肌肉局限性肥大,尤其是背闊肌、小圓肌和岡下肌,前者顯著,后二者稍輕。9個月后復查CT及MRI,所見同前;活檢結果是正常的骨骼肌組織。隨訪2年,膨隆無變化。
患者2:女,10歲,體操運動員,右腋窩無痛膨隆數月,無壓痛,超聲、MRI檢查見背闊肌局限性肥大。2個月后復查超聲,所見同前;活檢結果是正常的骨骼肌組織。隨訪9個月,無變化。
患者3:男,10歲,右腋窩膨隆數周,觀察18個月無變化,超聲檢查見腋窩肌肉彌漫性肥大,信號強度正常。皮下組織活檢,未見異常;肩胛下肌肉外觀正常,未做組織學檢查。
作者認為,肌肉肥大,原因不明;病例2活動雖多,但似與肥大無關。
2004年Schuelke等[67,68]報道1例正常妊娠分娩男嬰,體重正常,但腱反射亢進,肌肉強壯,尤以大腿、上臂為著。刺激誘發性肌陣攣(stimulus-induced myoclonus),生后數小時即能引出,2個月后逐漸消失。體檢未見其他異常。血糖、睪丸素、胰島素樣生長因子檢測結果均正常。超聲檢查見肌肉肥大。超聲心動、心電圖檢查均正常。4.5歲時復檢,運動、智力發育正常,肌力及體積持續增加,雙上肢平舉,每手可各持3.0 kg重的啞鈴。與同齡、同性別正常兒相比,其肌肉超聲回波強度正常,無纖維化、脂肪浸潤跡象;股四頭肌肥大,皮下脂肪墊減薄,股骨粗細無差別;基因檢測未檢測到抑肌素(myostatin),一種骨骼肌生長發育負向調控基因,位于染色體2 q 32.2上,1997年由美國科學家McPherron所發現。抑肌素基因缺失或失活突變,其表達量或表達產物活性也會隨之消失或下降,致使骨骼肌纖維肥大性增生,間或數量也增多,即肌肉肥大。Schuelke認為,此肥大源于抑肌素的缺失。
目前僅有1例,1989年由胡兆昆[69]報道?;颊吲?,20歲,右側面部、軀干及上下肢肌肉漸進性肥大1年;發育正常,營養良好,體健,無頭部外傷史,月經正常;頭顱大小正常,舌肌正常,甲狀腺不腫大;感覺無異常,右側面肌、軀干肌、上下肢肌均肥于左側,右側肢體肌力、肌張力及腱反射均正常,無病理反射及肌強直現象;右側肢體比過去有力,出汗也較左側明顯。血液化驗正常,X線平片、腦電圖、肌電圖檢查均無異常。未做組織學檢查。何為病因,作者未述。
上面所列肌肥大,有些可能源于先天,有些則可能屬“工作性肌肥大”,只是沒有確鑿證據,無法給出診斷,唯能冠名“原發”罷了。源于先天的單塊肌肉肥大,似不能排除變異的可能,畢竟肢體肌肉變異很常見,受累肌肉數量也有限;而多塊肌肉肥大,則有可能就是病癥了,極有可能為基因突變所致。不管怎樣,這些“例外”肥大,日后還會出現,肢體畸形嚴重、運動功能障礙者恐怕還得尋求手術治療。知其本質,予之定義并分類,建立合理的治療方案,則是臨床醫生目前所期盼的??傆[上述資料,細究病史、生活史,在常規檢查的基礎上增擴組織、基因學檢查,以排除法,即以排除假性肥大為前提做診斷,似乎是目前當選之徑。此舉是否合適,醫療費用是否能被接受,一切都還屬未知。
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