劉學臣 姜慧卿
·專家論壇·
內鏡技術預防ERCP術后胰腺炎
劉學臣 姜慧卿

(姜慧卿,醫學博士、河北醫科大學第二醫院消化科主任、教授、主任醫師、博士生導師。河北省消化病研究所所長,河北省消化病重點實驗室主任。享受國務院政府特貼,中華醫學會消化內鏡學會常委,中國醫師協會內鏡醫師分會常委,中國醫師協會消化病學分會委員,河北省醫學會消化內鏡學分會主委,河北省醫學會消化病學分會侯任主任委員。主要研究方向為慢性肝病、消化系疾病內鏡介入診治。承擔省自然基金、國家自然基金和科技廳等課題8項。獲省部級獎勵5項,其中河北省科技進步一等獎1項;發表醫學論文150余篇,其中SCI收錄論文20篇;主編參編教材和醫學專著15部。)
內鏡下逆行胰膽管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP)術后胰腺炎(post-ERCP pancreatitis,PEP)是ERCP最常見的并發癥,發生率為3.5%,其中90%為輕、中度,但仍然有嚴重病例導致死亡。PEP的發生機制尚未完全明確,一般認為多因素參與,包括機械性損傷(乳頭插管、胰管導絲置入、乳頭括約肌切開等)、化學性損傷(胰管造影)、靜水壓力性損傷(灌注式Oddi括約肌測壓)和感染。其中,幾乎每個方面均與ERCP操作技術相關。
1991年Cotton等[1]將PEP定義為ERCP術后出現急性胰腺炎相關的臨床癥狀持續超過24 h,同時伴有血清淀粉酶超過正常參考值上限3倍以上。按PEP的嚴重程度又分為輕度PEP:(有)臨床(癥狀的)胰腺炎,ERCP術后24 h血清淀粉酶超過正常體重上限的3倍,需要住院或住院時間延遲2~3 d;中度PEP:住院時間為4~10 d;重度PEP:住院時間>10 d,并發出血性胰腺炎,胰腺壞死或假性囊腫,或需要經皮穿刺引流或外科手術。
2012年Atlanta定義PEP的臨床診斷只需滿足以下3個指標中的任意兩項:持續性腹痛;血清淀粉酶或脂肪酶較正常參考值上限增高3倍以上;CT、MRI或腹部B超可見胰腺炎特征表現。但該標準并非針對PEP制定,在臨床研究中仍未得到廣泛采納。
2014年歐洲消化內鏡學會將發生PEP的危險因素劃分為患者及操作相關兩方面。確定的患者相關危險因素有女性、Oddi括約肌功能障礙(SOD)和既往胰腺炎病史;可能的危險因素有既往PEP、年輕、無肝外膽管擴張、無慢性胰腺炎和血清膽紅素正常。確定的操作相關危險因素有嘗試插管困難;可能的危險因素有預切開括約肌、胰管括約肌切開、膽道球囊擴張、清理膽管結石失敗和管內超聲。但因研究者的主觀性明顯,各個研究對“困難插管”界定的范疇卻很不統一。2016年歐洲消化內鏡學會在ERCP乳頭插管和括約肌切開術的臨床指南中將其定義為接觸乳頭的插管>5次;在乳頭直視下插管時間>5 min;非目的性胰管插管或胰管造影>1次。
1.改進插管技術,減少插管次數:10~14次插管嘗試能夠使PEP發生率增長到11.5%,15次插管嘗試則可進一步增長至15%[2]。插管持續時間>10 min是PEP獨立風險因素,PEP發生率從3.8%增加到10.8%[3]。改進插管技術、提高插管成功率及減少插管時間、次數有利于降低PEP風險,因此規范化培訓至關重要。
2.導絲輔助插管:歐美的研究結果顯示,單導絲引導插管較造影劑輔助插管提高了插管成功率,并降低了PEP風險,推薦該技術應用于初次膽道插管[4-5]。但日本的RCT研究結果顯示,兩者在膽管插管成功率和PEP發生率方面差異無統計學意義[6-8]。其原因可能是西方多采用5度后仰角的十二指腸鏡,而日本則應用15度后仰角的內鏡,后者更容易擺放或調整十二指腸鏡角度以適應膽總管軸向。此外,為防止導絲非目的性進入胰管,插管過程中應注意造影管軸向與膽管軸向一致[9-10]。而應用不同導絲直徑(0.025英寸和0.035英寸)、不同導絲前端設計(Looptip帶圈導絲和直頭導絲、J型頭端導絲和成角型頭端導絲)引導插管的PEP發生率差異無統計學意義。
雙導絲引導插管技術多用于應對困難插管者。有報道[11]雙導絲引導插管技術較單導絲技術在膽管插管成功率和PEP發生率方面相當。也有報道[12]雙導絲技術輔助插管不僅不能夠提高困難插管的成功率,而且增加PEP的風險。然而胰管支架置入可以降低這種風險[13]。
3.括約肌預切開技術:預切開術分為乳頭預切開術、針狀刀造瘺術和胰管括約肌預切開術。預切開術雖然提高了膽管插管成功率,但也增加了PEP風險,發生率達2.1%~14.9%[14]。但對于困難插管患者,早期預切開(5~10 min內)能夠降低PEP風險[15],且針狀刀造瘺術在預防PEP方面更具有優勢[16]。當然最好由預切開經驗豐富的內鏡醫師實施,以減少并發癥。
4.胰管支架置入術:胰管支架置入不僅能夠降低PEP發生率,而且能夠減少SAP的發生。2014年歐洲胃腸內鏡學會制定的指南對高危險因素及導絲反復非目的性進入主胰管患者推薦應用5Fr塑料支架預防PEP。較短的胰管支架(≤4 cm)有利于支架在2周內自行移出胰管[17]。72 h內支架移出胰管則增加了PEP的風險。近期報道[18],在PEP發生后約10 h急診再次行ERCP胰管支架置入能夠快速緩解PEP疼痛、SIRS以及降低血清淀粉酶、脂肪酶水平。值得注意的是,胰管插管本身就是發生PEP的一個危險因素,即便是操作熟練的ERCP醫師,失敗率仍達5%~10%,而失敗后患者的PEP發生率可高達34.7%[19]。所以,對于困難插管患者采取預防性胰管支架置入需要經驗豐富的內鏡醫師操作,并對無禁忌證患者預防性應用吲哚美辛直腸給藥。
5.內鏡下乳頭球囊擴張術(endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation, EPBD):EPBD較括約肌切開術(endoscopic sphincterotomy, EST)能夠降低出血風險,但PEP發生率增高,其原因包括球囊擴張的壓迫損傷、后續網籃取石、碎石操作對乳頭機械性損傷等。行EPBD患者的插管時間、取石時間與PEP呈正相關[20]。EPBD持續時間較長(>1 min)可降低出血及總體并發癥的發生率,且未增加PEP風險,而EPBD持續時間較短(≤1 min)則增加了PEP的風險[21],而在EST后的EPBD持續時間對PEP風險無明顯影響[22]。在EST情況下的球囊直徑增加也不增加PEP風險[23]。
6.內鏡鼻膽管引流術(endoscopic nasobiliary drainage, ENBD):ERCP術后ENBD能有效引流膽汁,降低膽道壓力,避免膽汁反流入胰管,減少殘余結石及乳頭水腫引起的胰管壓力增高,從而減少了胰腺炎的發生。置入4 Fr鼻膽管較6Fr鼻膽管的PEP發生率明顯減低(3.7%比15.7%),且更舒適[24]。
7.操作者的配合:目前國內多數醫院的ERCP操作均為術者和助手合作完成,這就需要術者和助手之間極高的默契,即便是具有豐富操作經驗的ERCP醫師,在和陌生或初學ERCP的助手合作時仍會影響插管成功率。助手操作導絲存在導絲進入胰管過深、導絲用力過強等問題,從而增加PEP風險。Buxbaum等[25]的一項RCT研究將498名患者隨機分成術者操作導絲組和助手操作導絲組,在兩組內又分別設置括約肌切開刀直徑3.9 Fr和4.4 Fr亞組。中期評價時發現術者操作導絲組的PEP發生率為2.8%,明顯低于助手操作導絲組的9.3%而終止試驗。值得注意的是,上述結果是在導絲進入胰管的次數無統計學差異的基礎上得出的。在切開刀直徑與PEP相關性分析中,切開刀直徑3.9 Fr組PEP發生率為3.7%,低于直徑4.4 Fr組,雖差異無統計學意義,但似乎3.9 Fr的切開刀插管引起PEP的風險更低。
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10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2017.06.001
053600 河北石家莊,河北醫科大學第二醫院消化科
姜慧卿,Email: jianghq@aliyun.com
2017-01-18)
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