水稻—番茄栽培模式下水稻肥料運籌技術研究

葉小霖+路丹+宋淑芳+沈方科+顧明華

摘要：【目的】探明肥料運籌技術對水稻養分吸收及產量的影響。【方法】試驗選擇“黃華占”和“桂育9號”兩個水稻品種，設置3個處理3次重復，共18個小區。測定了習慣施肥、長效肥、長效肥+硅肥3種施肥處理下水稻農藝性狀、葉片氮磷鉀含量、葉綠素含量、葉綠素熒光參數變化以及產量。【結果】與習慣施肥處理相比，長效肥、長效肥+硅肥處理降低了兩個水稻品種各生育期內葉片的氮磷鉀含量，但是差異不顯著，長效肥處理降低的幅度較大。不同施肥和不同品種之間水稻葉片的葉綠素含量、Fo、Fm和Fv/Fm存在一定差異，但是差異未達顯著水平。長效肥+硅肥處理能提高水稻葉片的Fv/Fm、qP，降低非光化學猝滅系數qN，從而增加PSⅡ天線色素對光能的捕獲量和捕獲效率，降低熱耗散，提高光合速率。長效肥、長效肥+硅肥處理對“桂育9號”品種分別增產15.17%和15.31%。【結論】長效肥以及長效肥配施硅肥雖然對水稻葉片養分含量影響不明顯，對“黃華占”品種產量影響不大，但是提高了“桂育9號”產量。

關鍵詞：水稻；長效肥；養分吸收；葉綠素；產量

中圖分類號：S511S641文獻標識碼：A文章編號：1003-4374（2017）01-0006-07

Abstract：【Objective】In order to explore the effect of fertilizer application technology on the amount of rice output and the amount of nutrition absorbed by the rice plants.【Method】This experiment，which comprises three treatments and three repetitions in 18 small plots，has been conducted with two rice varieties，namely “Huanghuazhan” and “Guiyu 9”，adopted as experimental subjects. During the experiment，the authors adopted three fertilizing schemes：conventional fertilizer，longlasting fertilizer and the combination of longlasting fertilizer & silicon fertilizer. Then they surveyed the output of the rice plants and monitored their agronomic traits，the content of nitrogen，phosphorus and kalium in the rice leaves，the content of chiorophyll in the rice plants and the change of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of the rice plants.【Result】As a result，compared with conventional fertilizer，the longlasting fertilizer and the combination of longlasting fertilizer & silicon fertilizer lower the content of nitrogen，phosphorus and kalium in the rice leaves of the two rice varieties in all growth stages，but the difference of the content is not very notable，and the rice plants with longlasting fertilizer contain the lowest amount of nitrogen，phosphorus and kalium. The amount of chiorophyll，the initial fluorescence （Fo），the maximal fluorescence （Fm）and the maximal quantum efficiency （Fv/Fm）of PSII of the leaves with different fertilizing schemes and of the two varieties are different，yet the differences are not obvious. With the combination of longlasting fertilizer & silicon fertilizer applied，the maximal quantum efficiency （Fm）and photochemical quenching coefficient （qP）of the rice leaves can be enhanced，and the nonphotochemical quenching coefficient （qN）can be reduced，thus the light energy absorbed by the antenna pigment and the efficiency of the absorbing is enhanced，and the heat loss was reduced，so the rate of photosynthesis is promoted. As a result，the output of the rice plants of “Guiyu 9” fed with longlasting fertilizer has increased by 15.17%，and the output of the rice plants of the same variety fed with both longterm fertilizer & silicon fertilizer has been increased by 15.31%.【Conclusion】 In conclusion，both fertilizing schemes of longlasting fertilizer and the combination of longlasting fertilizer& silicon do not have noticeable effect on the nutrition content in rice leaves. With these fertilizers used，the output of “Huanghuazhan” plants remain roughly the same，however，that of “Guiyu 9” plants can be increased.

Key words： rice；longlasting fertilizer；nutrition absorbing；chiorophyll；output

水稻作為我國的主要糧食作物之一，其產量的高低影響著我國糧食供應的需求。氮肥是影響水稻產量的重要因素，但是水稻對氮肥的利用率卻僅僅只有30%～35%[1]。長時間過量使用氮肥不僅會造成地表水的富營養化，水體污染，還會導致硝酸鹽在植物體內過量累積，影響作物品質[2]。大量研究表明：長效肥代替傳統速效化肥以及減量優化施肥可以有效降低傳統施肥存在的弊端[3-7]。……