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好文章如何開頭?

2018-08-14 19:51:12ByTracyKidder&RichardTodd
英語學習 2018年8期

By Tracy Kidder & Richard Todd

莫言獲得諾貝爾文學獎的功勛譯者葛浩文(Howard Goldblatt)曾經批評中國作家普遍寫不好開頭;英文小說有不少出色的開頭,如《白鯨記》、《雙城記》,相較之下,中文小說很難找到這么膾炙人口的第一句,大部分“一開始就是長篇大論,不是介紹一個地方就是把開頭寫得好像是學術著作的序文”,對他國讀者來說缺乏吸引力。這話聽起來很尖銳,可是盤點中國當代文學,確實拿不大出像《安娜·卡列尼娜》、《傲慢與偏見》、《變形記》、《百年孤獨》、《洛麗塔》那樣令全世界無數讀者為之著迷的經典開場白。

如何第一時間走進讀者,一鍵啟動他們頭腦里理性啟迪和感性愉悅的開關,對于全體作家和日常生活中的寫作者而言,既是難題,也是誘惑。山窮水盡之際,不妨暫時從自我懷疑和膠著中走出來,在普利策獎獲獎作家Tracy Kidder和《大西洋月刊》資深編輯Richard Todd的引領下,看看《白鯨記》、《冷血》、《向加泰羅尼亞致敬》、《說吧,記憶》是怎么開頭的,聽聽《風格要素》給出了什么寫作建議。在偉大的英語作家筆下,我們經常感受到一種從容和寧靜的氣質,一種平實明晰之美。赫爾曼·梅爾維爾,杜魯門·卡波蒂,喬治·奧威爾,弗拉基米爾·納博科夫,E. B. 懷特……這些風格大師的行文,在平易樸素的語言外表下,蘊含豐富的暗示性和情感召喚力,閃耀著潔凈而生動的內在光輝。記?。汉梦恼挛幢囟加腥A美的“鳳頭”,樸實的開頭同樣可以讓讀者產生共鳴。

To write is to talk to strangers. You want them to trust you. You might well begin by trusting them—by imagining for the reader an intelligence at least equal to the intelligence you imagine for yourself. No doubt you know some things that the reader does not know (why else presume to write?), but it helps to grant that the reader has knowledge unavailable to you.1 This isnt generosity; it is realism. Good writing creates a dialogue between writer and reader, with the imagined reader at moments questioning, criticizing, and sometimes, you hope, assenting2. What you “know” isnt something you can pull from a shelf and deliver. What you know in prose is often what you discover in the course of writing it, as in the best of conversations with a friend—as if you and the reader do the discovering together.

Writers are told that they must “grab” or“hook” or “capture” the reader. But think about these metaphors. Their theme is violence and compulsion3. They suggest the relationship you might want to have with a criminal, not a reader. Montaigne4 writes: “I do not want a man to use his strength to get my attention.”

Beginnings are an exercise in limits. You cant make the reader love you in the first sentence or paragraph, but you can lose the reader right away. You dont expect the doctor to cure you at once, but the doctor can surely alienate you at once, with brusqueness or bravado or indifference or confusion.5 There is a lot to be said for the quiet beginning.

The most memorable first line in American literature is“Call me Ishmael.”6 Three words, four beats. The sentence is so well known that sometimes, cited out of context, it is understood as a magisterial command, a booming voice from the pulpit.7 It is more properly heard as an invitation8, almost casual, and, given the complexity that follows, it is marvelously simple. If you try it aloud, you will probably find yourself saying it rather softly, conversationally.

Many memorable essays, memoirs, and narratives reach dramatic heights from such calm beginnings. In Cold Blood is remembered for its transfixing and frightening account of two murderers and their victims,9 and it might have started in any number of dramatic ways. In fact, it starts with a measured10 descriptive passage:

The village of Holcomb stands on the high wheat plains of western Kansas, a lonesome area that other Kansans call “out there.” Some seventy miles east of the Colorado border, the countryside, with its hard blue skies and desert-clear air, has an atmosphere that is rather more Far West than Middle West.

Although a bias toward the quiet beginning is only a bias, a predisposition, it can serve as a useful check on overreaching.11 Some famous beginnings, of course, have been written as grand propositions (“All happy families are alike...”) or sweeping overviews (“It was the best of times ...”).12 These rhetorical gestures display confidence in the extreme, and more than a century of readers have followed in thrall.13 Expansiveness is not denied to anyone, but it is always prudent to remember that one is not Tolstoy or Dickens and to remember that modesty can resonate, too.14 Call me Ishmael.

Meek or bold,15 a good beginning achieves clarity. A sensible line threads through the prose; things follow one another with literal logic or with the logic of feeling.16 Clarity isnt an exciting virtue, but it is a virtue always, and especially at the beginning of a piece of prose. Some writers—some academics and bureaucrats and art critics, for instance—seem to resist clarity, even to write confusingly on purpose. Not many would admit to this. One who did was the wonderful-though-not-to-beimitated Gertrude Stein:17 “My writing is clear as mud but mud settles and the clear stream runs on and disappears.”Oddly, this is one of the clearest sentences she ever wrote.

For many other writers, writers in all genres, clarity simply falls victim to a desire to achieve other things, to dazzle with style or to bombard with information.18 With good writing the reader enjoys a doubleness of experience, succumbing to19 the story or the ideas while also enjoying the writers artfulness. Indeed, one way to know that writing deserves to be called art is the coexistence of these two pleasures in the readers mind. But it is one thing for the reader to take pleasure in the writers achievements, another when the writers own pleasure is apparent. Skill, talent, inventiveness, all can become overbearing and intrusive.20 And this is especially true at the beginnings of things. The image that calls attention to itself is often the image you can do without. The writer works in service of story and idea, and always in service of the reader.

Sometimes the writer who overloads an opening passage is simply afraid of boring the reader. A respectable anxiety, but nothing is more boring than confusion. In his introduction to The Elements of Style, E. B. White suggests that the reader is always in danger of confusion.21 The reader is “a man floundering in a swamp,”22 and it falls to the writer (whose swamp of course it is) to “drain this swamp quickly and get his man up on dry ground, or at least throw him a rope.”

Clarity doesnt always mean brevity, or simplicity. Take, for example, the opening of Vladimir Nabokovs23 memoir Speak, Memory:

The cradle rocks above an abyss, and common sense tells us that our existence is but a brief crack of light between two eternities of darkness. Although the two are identical twins, man, as a rule, views the prenatal24 abyss with more calm than the one he is heading for (at some forty-five hundred heartbeats an hour). I know, however, of a young chronophobiac25 who experienced something like panic when looking for the first time at homemade movies that had been taken a few weeks before his birth. He saw a world that was practically unchanged—the same house, the same people—and then realized that he did not exist there at all and that nobody mourned his absence. He caught a glimpse of his mother waving from an upstairs window, and that unfamiliar gesture disturbed him, as if it were some mysterious farewell. But what particularly frightened him was the sight of a brand-new baby carriage standing there on the porch, with the smug, encroaching air of a coffin;26 even that was empty, as if, in the reverse course of events, his very bones had disintegrated.

There is nothing confusing about this paragraph, but it does invite us to engage with a sinuous27 idea, and it introduces an author who asks our fullest attention. He expects long thoughts from us. The invitation is clear and frank, and it is delivered with a shrug: accept it if you will.

You cant tell it all at once. A lot of the art of beginnings is deciding what to withhold until later, or never to say at all. Take one thing at a time. Prepare the reader, tell everything the reader needs to know in order to read on, and tell no more. Journalists are instructed not to “bury the lead” (or “lede,” in journalese)28—instructed, that is, to make sure they tell the most important facts of the story first. This translates poorly to longer forms of writing. The heart of the story is usually a place to arrive at, not a place to begin. Of course the reader needs a reason to continue, but the best reason is simply confidence that the writer is going someplace interesting. George Orwell begins Homage to Catalonia with a description of a nameless Italian militiaman whose significance is unknown to us, though we are asked to hear about him in some detail.29 At the end of a long paragraph of description, Orwell writes:

I hoped he liked me as well as I liked him. But I also knew that to retain my first impression of him I must not see him again; and needless to say I never did see him again. One was always making contacts of that kind in Spain.

It seems strange to begin a book with a character who vanishes at once, when the first few sentences suggest that we are meeting the books hero. In fact, the important character being introduced is the narrator, who seems a man of great particularity and mystery of temperament.30 We dont know much about him, and we want to know more. Were ready to follow him.

What happens when you begin reading a book or an essay or a magazine story? If the writing is at all interesting, you are in search of the author. You are imagining the mind behind the prose. Often that imagining takes a direct, even visceral31, form: who is this person? No matter how discreet or unforthcoming writers may be,32 they are present, and readers form judgments about them. Living in an age when authors hid behind the whiskers of third-person omniscience, Thoreau wrote: “We commonly do not remember that it is, after all, always the first person that is speaking.”33 Readers today do commonly remember that. They may remember it to a fault.34 The wise writer, while striving to avoid selfconsciousness, remains aware of the readers probing eye.35

The contemporary author Francine du Plessix Gray offers a provocative way to imagine encounters between writer and reader: “A good writer, like a good lover, must create a pact of trust with the object of his/her seduction that remains qualified, paradoxically, by a good measure of uncertainty, mystery and surprise.”36 The heart of this advice, the tension between giving and withholding, identifies a narrative decision that faces all writers, though in emphasizing Eros37, Gray seems to overlook the true romance of writing. The“mystery and surprise” can be genuine, shared between writer and reader, rather than calculated.

One morning a piece of wisdom comes over National Public Radio, in an interview with a jazz guitarist who remembers working with the great Miles Davis.38 The guitarist recalls that Davis once advised him how to play a certain song: “Play it like you dont know how to play the guitar.” The guitarist admits that he had no idea what Davis meant, but that he then played the song better than he ever imagined he could. “Play it like you dont know how.” Cryptic39 advice, but a writer can make some sense of it: Dont concentrate on technique, which can be the same as concentrating on yourself. Give yourself to your story, or to your train of ideas,40 or to your memories. Dont be afraid to explore, even to hesitate. Be willing to surprise yourself.

And so there is trust of another kind at work. At some point you must trust yourself as a writer. You may not know exactly where you are going, but you have to set out, and sometimes, without calculation on your part, the reader will honor the effort itself. In Ghana41, once a British colony, where English remains the official but a second language, they have an interesting usage for the verb “try.”If a Ghanaian does something particularly well, he is often told, “You tried.” What might well be an insult in American English is high praise there, a recognition that purity of intention lies at the core of the achievement. The reader wants to see you trying—not trying to impress, but trying to get somewhere.

寫作就是和陌生人交談。你希望他們信任你。你最好一開始就信任他們,一開始就設想讀者的聰明才智絕不遜色于你本人的聰明才智。當然了,你知道一些讀者不知道的事兒(要不然何必擅自寫作?),可是假定讀者也擁有你所不知道的知識卻很有幫助。這種態度不是抬舉對方,而是現實主義。好文章在作家和讀者之間創造了一種對話,假想的讀者不時質疑你、批評你,有時也贊成你——你希望如此。你的“知識”并不是你可以從某個書架上抽出來,然后傳達給讀者的什么東西。你散文中表現出來的知識,經常是你在寫作過程中的發現,正如和朋友的談話進入佳境——就好像你和讀者共同做出了這個發現。

作家被告知:他們必須“抓取”、“鉤住”或者“捕獲”讀者??墒窍胂脒@些比喻吧。它們的主題無不是暴力和強制。它們所暗示的,是你可能想和罪犯而不是讀者所保持的關系。蒙田寫道:“我不想讓別人用強勢引起我的注意?!?/p>

開頭是極限的練習。你不可能讓讀者讀了第一句或者第一段就對你一見傾心,但是你可以一下子就失去讀者。你不期望醫生能立馬治好你的病,可是如果醫生粗魯無禮、虛張聲勢、漠不關心或者不知所云,卻肯定會馬上讓你感到疏遠。關于平淡的開頭,有好多可說的。

美國文學里最令人難以忘懷的一句開場白,是“叫我以實瑪利”。三個單詞,四個節拍。這個句子如此著名,以至于人們有時候會脫離語境加以引用,把它理解為一種威嚴的命令,一種發自布道壇的洪亮聲音。傾聽這種聲音,把它理解為一種幾乎是漫不經心的吸引更為恰當。盡管在文壇激起復雜的反響,這句話卻可謂驚人地簡單。如果試著高聲朗誦,那么你很可能會發現自己相當柔和地、猶如談話似地把它說出來。

許多令人難忘的隨筆、回憶錄和敘事文就是從這樣平靜的開頭出發,達到戲劇性高潮?!独溲纷顬槿怂懹浀模菍擅麣⑷朔讣捌涫芎φ叩牧钊四康煽诖?、毛骨悚然的記述。這本書本來可以用無數種戲劇性的方式開頭。事實上,它的開頭卻是一段節奏舒緩的白描:

赫爾孔村坐落在西堪薩斯州海拔很高的小麥平原上,一個人跡稀少的地區,其他堪薩斯人會用“在那遙遠的地方”來指稱。這片鄉野位于科羅拉多邊境往東差不多七十英里,天空蔚藍得刺目,空氣清澈如荒漠,彌漫這一帶的氣氛與其說是中西部,不如說是更像拓荒時期的西部邊疆。

盡管對平易開頭的喜愛不過是一種偏好、一種秉性,卻能對不自量力的開頭起到有效的制止作用。當然了,一些著名的開場白被寫成了氣勢恢宏的命題(“幸福的家庭都是相似的……”),或者高屋建瓴的總括(“這是最美好的時代……”)。這些張揚的行文姿態展示出極致的自信,一個多世紀以來,讀者為之傾倒不已。你想高談闊論誰也阻止不了,可是記住你既不是托爾斯泰也不是狄更斯,記住樸實的開頭也可以讓讀者產生共鳴,總歸是謹慎之舉。叫我以實瑪利。

內斂也好,張揚也罷,漂亮的開頭必然清晰明朗。一條明顯的線索貫串全文;遵循文字的邏輯或者感情的邏輯,文意漸次涌現。清晰并不是一種激動人心的美德,但總歸是一種美德,尤其是在文章的開頭。一些作者(比如一些大學教師、政府官員和藝術批評家)看來抗拒清晰,甚至有意把文章寫得讓人不知所云。沒有多少人會承認這一點。有一個人承認了,那就是優秀卻不可模仿的格特魯德·斯泰因:“我的作品清晰如泥漿,可是泥漿沉淀下來,清流繼續奔行,直至消失?!逼婷畹氖?,這是她寫過的最清晰的句子之一。

許多其他作家,各種文體的作家,卻不惜犧牲清晰以實現其他欲望,他們用華麗的文風令讀者目眩神迷,或者用海量的信息對讀者狂轟濫炸。閱讀好文章讓讀者享受到一種雙重體驗,一方面被故事或者觀念所吸引,另一方面又在欣賞作家的藝術性。確實,要知道一篇作品是否稱得上藝術品,一種檢驗方式就是,讀者在頭腦里同時并存這兩種快感。可是,讀者欣然享受作家的藝術成就是一回事,作家在作品里表現得沾沾自喜又是另外一回事。技巧、才能、獨創性,所有這些都可能變得盛氣凌人,富有侵略性。在文章的開頭尤其如此。一味把注意力導向自身的藝術形象,在作品里往往是贅余的。作家的寫作要為故事和觀念服務,并且總是為讀者服務。

有時候作家讓一段開場白過度負重,僅僅是因為害怕會讓讀者感到厭煩。一種可敬的焦慮,可是不知所云才最讓人厭煩。在《風格要素》的引言里,E. B. 懷特提出讀者總是處于不知所云的危險當中。讀者是“一個在沼澤里掙扎的人”,作家(當然就是沼澤的創造者)有責任“迅速排干這塊沼澤,讓此人登上干燥的地面,或者至少扔給他一段繩子?!?/p>

清晰并不總是意味著短小或者簡單。以弗拉基米爾·納博科夫的回憶錄《說吧,記憶》的開場白為例:

搖籃在一座深淵的上方搖動,常識告訴我們,我們的存在不過是兩段永恒的黑暗之間一閃即逝的光明裂縫。盡管這兩者是同卵雙胞胎,可是人們通常會更加沉著地看待出生前的深淵,而不是自己正在(以每小時大約四千五百次的心率)向之進發的那個。可是,我認識一位年輕的時間恐懼癥患者,當第一次看到自己出生幾個星期以前由家人拍攝的電影時,他體驗到某種類似恐慌的感覺。他看到了一個幾乎一成不變的世界——同樣的住房,同樣的人們——然后意識到在那里面自己根本就不存在,也沒有人哀悼他的缺席。他瞥見母親從樓上的一扇窗戶里招手,那個陌生的手勢讓他心神不寧,猶如某種神秘的道別。可是特別讓他感到驚恐的,是看到一輛嶄新的四輪手推嬰兒車直挺挺立在門廊那兒,帶著一具棺材洋洋自得、侵蝕四周的神氣;即使那個也是空洞的,就仿佛在事件的逆過程中,就連他的骨頭都已經四分五裂。

這一段沒有任何艱深晦澀的地方,可是確實吸引我們深入思考一個曲折的觀念,并且引入了一位要求我們全神貫注的作者。他期待我們進行長時間的思考。這種吸引既清晰又坦率,伴隨著一個聳肩動作被傳達給讀者:你要是愿意的話,就好好接受吧。

你不能一股腦兒什么都說出來。在很大程度上,開頭的藝術就是決定什么東西一開始留著不說,晚些時候再說出來,或者干脆什么都不說。一次只處理一件事情。讓讀者做好準備,告訴他們為了繼續讀下去所必須知道的所有信息,可是頂多也就說這么多。新聞記者受到的教誨是,不要“埋葬頭條新聞”(在文筆拙劣的新聞文體里,“lead”被拼寫成“lede”)。換句話說,他們受到的教誨是,務必在新聞報道的一開頭就說出最重要的事實。把這種教誨貫徹到篇幅更長的文體里,效果非常糟糕。故事的核心往往是一個需要到達的終點,而不是一個由此開始的起點。讀者當然需要一個理由繼續讀下去,可是最好的理由不是別的,而是確信作家一定會抵達某個有趣的地方。喬治·奧威爾的《向加泰羅尼亞致敬》一開篇就描述了一位無名的意大利民兵,此人究竟有何意義我們不太清楚,可是文本要求我們傾聽他的故事,一個比較詳盡的故事。在一長段描述的末尾,奧威爾寫道:

我喜歡他,希望他也同樣喜歡我。可是我也知道,要保持我對他的第一印象,我必須不再見到他;不消說,我的確再也沒有見過他。在西班牙,人們總是這么結交他人。

以一個馬上消失不見的人物作為一本書的開頭看來有些奇怪,因為開始幾句話暗示我們正在遇到此書的主人公。事實上,文章開頭引出的重要人物毋寧是敘事者,一位看來個性超凡、氣質神秘的人物。我們不太了解他,我們渴望了解得更多。我們打定了主意要追隨他。

當你開始閱讀一本書、一篇隨筆,或者一篇雜志特寫的時候,到底發生了什么?如果作品多少讓人產生興趣的話,那么你在尋找作者。你在猜想隱藏在文章背后的那個頭腦。這種猜想經常采用一種直截了當,甚至發自內心的形式:這個人究竟是誰?無論作家可能多么謹小慎微或者守口如瓶,他們都在場,讀者對他們形成判斷。生活在一個作者們隱藏在第三人稱全知全覺的絡腮胡子背后的時代,梭羅寫道:“我們普遍不記得,歸根結底,總是第一人稱在說話?!苯裉斓淖x者的確普遍牢記這個。他們可能牢記得過了頭。聰明的作家一方面力求避免自我意識過于強烈,另一方面一直意識到讀者探究的眼睛。

當代作者弗朗辛·杜·普萊西克斯·格雷把作家和讀者之間的偶遇想象成一種情欲挑逗:“優秀的作家就好像優秀的情人,必須和他/她的誘惑對象締造一份信任的契約。聽似自相矛盾的是,這種契約一直生效,在很大程度上有賴于忐忑不安、神秘莫測和出乎意料?!边@一建議的核心——給予和保留之間的張力——辨識出一種所有作家都要面對的敘事決定;不過,在強調性愛關系的同時,格雷看來忽視了寫作真正的浪漫色彩?!吧衩啬獪y和出乎意料”可以是發自內心的,由作家和讀者分享,而不必是工于心計刻意營造的。

一天早上,全國公共廣播電臺訪談了一位爵士吉他手,他在回憶與偉大的邁爾斯·戴維斯共同工作的經歷時,說出了一番格言。這位吉他手回想說,戴維斯曾經就如何演奏某首樂曲,向他提出忠告:“演奏的時候,就當自己是吉他菜鳥。”這位吉他手承認,當時他一點兒也不明白戴維斯說的是什么意思,可是從那以后,他演奏那首樂曲極其出彩,完全超出他自己的想象?!把葑嗟臅r候,就當自己是菜鳥。”費解的忠告,可是作家能夠多少有所會心:不要一味關注技巧,這么做可能無異于一味關注你自己。專心致志于你的故事、你的思路,或者你的記憶。不要害怕探索,甚至猶疑。樂于讓你自己感到驚奇。

所以,還有另外一種類型的信任在起作用。在某種程度上,你必須信任自己作為一位作家的能力。你可能并不確切知道自己在往什么方向走,可是必須啟程。有時候,雖然你并沒有精心策劃,讀者還是會尊重你付出的努力本身。在前英國殖民地加納,英語仍然是法定語言,可是已經淪為第二位。那兒的人對于動詞“嘗試”有一種很有意思的用法。如果一個加納人做某件事做得特別好,那么人們經常會對他說“你嘗試了?!痹诿朗接⒄Z里很可能帶有侮辱性的一個詞語,在此卻是高度贊揚,承認了成就的精髓在于意圖的純粹。讀者希望看到你嘗試——不是嘗試令人佩服,而是嘗試有所進展。

1. presume: 冒昧,擅自(行事);grant: 承認。

2. assent: 同意,贊成。

3. compulsion: 強迫。

4. Michel de Montaigne : 蒙田(1533—1592),法國文藝復興后期思想家、作家,以《隨筆錄》(Essais)三卷名垂后世。

5. alienate:(感情或思想上)使疏遠;brusqueness: 粗魯無禮;bravado:// 虛張聲勢,故作勇敢。

6. Ishmael: // 以實瑪利,美國作家赫爾曼·梅爾維爾(Herman Melville, 1819—1891)的長篇小說代表作《白鯨記》(Moby-Dick, 1851)的敘事者和主人公,來源于《圣經·創世記》人物。

7. magisterial: // (行為或作品)權威的,有威嚴的;booming:(聲音)洪亮的;pulpit:(教堂中的)講壇,布道壇。

8. invitation: 吸引,誘惑。

9. In Cold Blood: 《冷血》,美國作家杜魯門·卡波蒂(Truman Capote, 1924—1984)的代表作,1966年出版,被譽為“真實罪行”類非虛構文學的里程碑;transfix: 使驚呆,使動彈不得。

10. measured: 緩慢而有節奏的。

11. bias: 偏好,偏愛;predisposition: 傾向,秉性;overreach: 不自量力,因目標過高而失敗。

12. proposition: 命題,觀點;sweeping: 一概而論的;overview: 概觀,總的看法。這兩段引文,前者出自俄國文豪列夫·托爾斯泰(Leo Tolstoy, 1828—1910)長篇小說代表作《安娜·卡列尼娜》(Anna Karenina, 1877)的開場白:“幸福的家庭都是相似的,不幸的家庭各有各的不幸”,后者出自英國小說巨匠查爾斯·狄更斯(Charles Dickens, 1812—1870)長篇小說代表作《雙城記》(A Tale of Two Cities, 1859)的開場白:“這是最美好的時代,這是最糟糕的時代……”。

13. rhetorical: 文風華麗的,夸張的;in thrall:受奴役,被迷住。

14. expansiveness: 膨脹性;prudent: 審慎的;resonate: 有特殊意義,引起共鳴。

15. meek: 溫順的,馴服的;bold:放肆的,莽撞的。

16. sensible: 意識到的,能感覺到的;thread through: 小心翼翼地穿過;literal: 照字面的,原義的。

17. Gertrude Stein: 格特魯德·斯泰因(1874—1946),旅居法國的美國女作家和現代主義藝術收藏家。其作品風格獨特,試驗意識流和有節奏的散文,意在喚起“純粹存在的令人激動性”。

18. dazzle: 使目眩;使傾倒;bombard:(用炮火或炸彈)猛烈轟擊。

19. succumb to: 屈從于,抵擋不住(誘惑或壓力)。

20. overbearing: 傲慢的,盛氣凌人的;intrusive: 侵擾的,唐突的。

21. E. B. White: 埃爾文·布魯克斯·懷特(1899—1985),美國作家,其特具一格的散文奠定了影響深遠的“《紐約客》文風”,小說《夏洛特的網》(Charlottes Web, 1952)屢次被列為最暢銷的平裝本兒童讀物,與康奈爾老師小威廉·斯特倫克(William Strunk Jr.)合著的《風格要素》(The Elements of Style, 1959)是當代最具影響力的英語寫作風格指南之一。

22. flounder:(在水里或泥沼里)掙扎,深陷困境;swamp: 沼澤。

23. Vladimir Nabokov: 弗拉基米爾·納博科夫(1899—1977),俄裔美國作家,以長篇小說《洛麗塔》(Lolita, 1955)聞名于世,回憶錄《說吧,記憶》(Speak, Memory, 1951)被美國現代圖書館評為非虛構百部佳作第八名。

24. prenatal: 產前的,孕期的。

25. chronophobiac: 時間恐懼癥患者,源自chronophobia(時間恐懼 )一詞。

26. smug: 沾沾自喜的,自以為是的;encroaching: 侵蝕的,蠶食的。

27. sinuous: // 曲折的,蜿蜒的。

28. lead:(報紙、電視或電臺的)頭條,要聞;journalese: (文筆低劣的)新聞文體。

29. George Orwell: 喬治·奧威爾(1903—1950),20世紀最偉大的英國作家之一,著有反極權主義的政治寓言體小說《動物莊園》(Animal Farm, 1945)和《1984》(1949),亦以質樸明晰的散文風格名世。回憶錄《向加泰羅尼亞致敬》(Homage to Catalonia, 1938)記述了奧威爾在西班牙內戰時期的經歷見聞。

30. particularity: 個性,癖性;temperament: 氣質,性情。

31. visceral: // 發自內心的,發自肺腑的。

32. discreet: 謹慎的;unforthcoming:守口如瓶的,不愿意提供信息的。

33. omniscience: 無所不知;Henry David Thoreau: 亨利·大衛·梭羅(1817—1862),美國作家、哲學家,超驗主義代表人物。此處引文出自梭羅的長篇散文名作《瓦爾登湖》(Walden, 1854)。

34. to a fault: 過度地。

35. self-consciousness: 自我意識;probing:探索的,尋根究底的。

36. Francine du Plessix Gray: 弗朗辛·杜·普萊西克斯·格雷(1930— ),美國作家、文學評論家,出版多部非虛構文學作品,自傳獲全美圖書批評家協會獎。下文引語出自創作談《文本的引誘》(The Seduction of the Text, 2003);pact: 合同,契約;paradoxically: 悖論地,自相矛盾地。

37. Eros: (希臘神話)愛神厄洛斯,性愛。

38. wisdom: 格言,名言;Miles Davis:邁爾斯·戴維斯(1926—1991),美國爵士音樂家、小號手、樂隊指揮和作曲家,20世紀最有影響力的音樂人之一。

39. cryptic: 神秘的,難解的。

40. give oneself to: 專心于,熱衷于;train: 一連串(想法)。

41. Ghana: 加納,西非的一個共和國。

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