【摘要】本文從英語閱讀中的信息輸入探討已知、未知的認知功能。
【關(guān)鍵詞】已知、未知;快速閱讀
【作者簡介】陳麗薪(1985- ),女,漢族,云南曲靖人,英語語言文學碩士,云南大學外國語學院英語語言文學專業(yè)碩士2016級研究生,研究方向:應(yīng)用語言學。
“已知、未知”的應(yīng)用目前主要包括兩方面:語篇分析和教學探討。語篇分析有王洪磊、孫莉莉、張曉騰、唐韌等。其中,唐韌間接聯(lián)系了已知、未知與人的認知結(jié)構(gòu),而其余都針對語篇理解。而教學探討有馮克誠、嚴先元、奚定華、王金鳳、龍婭、龔啟榮等。其中,龍婭、龔啟榮呈現(xiàn)了人的認知是從已知到未知,而其余更多關(guān)注學習需求本身。總體而言,語篇分析的探究將“已知、未知”局限于語言學領(lǐng)域,而教學的探討主要著眼認知過程,未將“已知、未知”提煉成指導教或?qū)W的方法論。
事實上,已知、未知提供了高度概括的思維框架,即人的認知需要處理的信息有且只有兩類,已知和未知。當以這樣二元對立的簡單視角處理信息輸入,有助于提高人的認知效率。如英語閱讀。以下試舉一例:
We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the word where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas – legends handed down from one generation of another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. (亞歷山大,1997:5)
劃線第一部分包含三個子句,即These legends…,because…以及who...。其中,these legends,because they,who(people)因已在前文出現(xiàn),即為已知,而are useful,can tell us something about migrations of people和lived long ago則為未知,因此也是關(guān)注焦點。而文后閱讀理解前兩題就針對未知部分的can tell us something about migrations of people:
1. In illiterate societies, story-telling is a way of (c. passing knowledge of the past from one generation to another)
2. It is extremely likely that ancient people (a. moved from one place to another)
再看第二個劃線部分的句子。回看前文發(fā)現(xiàn),這個句子主位和述位都是未知,而文后閱讀理解也對此設(shè)了一題:
3. Anthropologists have been curious about (b. how the Polynesian islands came to be inhabited)
已知即已經(jīng)知道的信息,未知則為新信息。以這個角度去看待閱讀理解,可將閱讀信息分為兩類,已知和未知。而未知就是閱讀的重點,即獲取信息的重點,考察的重點。當以這樣的視角閱讀,讀者不需拘泥字句,將語篇信息簡單歸類為已知、未知,關(guān)注未知,不僅避免流連于干擾性的難詞、難句,節(jié)省閱讀時間,且因擺脫行文束縛,更有助于把握主旨,得出要領(lǐng)。
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