摘 要:“曰”字是古文當中是極其常見的詞,其使用最頻繁的用法是作動詞的“說”意來講。本文通過對比分析《虬髯客傳》三個英譯本中“曰”字的翻譯策略,從“曰”字的視角來探討古文的翻譯方法和技巧。
關鍵詞:虬髯客傳 古文翻譯 曰 英譯對比
1.引言
《虬髯客傳》是《唐人傳奇》中的名篇,原文總計2500字, “曰”字出現的頻率高達52次?!霸弧弊忠龅膬热莶粌H篇幅長達全文的一半之多,所涉及的情節關鍵,對人物特征的體現有很大的影響。
本文將基于電子科技大學外國語學院周勁松老師的Firey Bristles,楊憲益、戴乃迭的The Man with the Curly Beard和Wang Jing的The Tale of the Curly-Bearded Guest三個譯本,對比和探討“曰”字的英譯法。
2.增譯
文言文多省略,其常常省略主語、賓語、謂語和介詞等,這一特點使文言文文章的行文呈現出緊密簡練的特點。在文言文英譯的過程當中,適當的增譯可以呈現給讀者更加清晰生動的畫面。
2.1 增譯主語
小說中有一些“曰”字前并沒有主語,譯者在翻譯時采用了增譯主語的方法,提高了讀者閱讀小說的流暢性。例如:
原文:遂環坐。曰:“煮者何肉?”曰:“羊肉,計已熟。”
譯文:1. Then the three sat down in a circle. The man asked: “Whats in the pot?” “Mutton, reckoned well done” was the answer to the guest. (周譯)
2. “What are you boiling?” asked the stranger.
“Mutton. It should be cooked by now.”(楊譯)
3. Then they sat in a circle and the guest said, “What kind of meat are you boiling?” Li Jing said, “It is lamb. I think it should be ready by now.” (Wang譯)
3. 轉化
“英語多變化,漢語多重復”。如果對全文出現的“曰”字千篇一律地都譯為“say”,易使對話枯燥、人物形象生硬。
3.1轉化為不同意義的動詞
例:原文:指吏曰:“問去者處士第幾?住何處?”
譯文:1. Seeing him off, the whisk holder drew close to the window and urged the errand boy…(周譯)
2. When he was leaving, she said to the officer at the door...(楊譯)
3. After Li Jing had left, the singing girl with the red whisk stood by the window, pointed [at his back],and asked an official…(Wang譯)
譯本一譯出“催促”一詞十分貼合紅拂女為李靖的才華所吸引后迫切投奔他的心情。
3.2 轉化為其他詞性
“英語重結構,漢語重語義”。根據句子的成分和組成結構,可適當將“曰”字的由動詞轉化為其他詞性,例如:
原文:公前揖曰:“天下方亂,英雄競起。
譯文:1. Seeing this, Lijing bowed and came up with the words as the following: “...”(周譯)
2. Li approached and said with a bow: “…”(楊譯)
3. Li Jing stepped forward, bowed to him, and said, “…”(Wang譯)
4. 省譯
原文中,“曰”字主要引述單個說話者的說話內容和對話。原文中幾處“曰”字既無主語發出“曰”的這一動作,從內容也難以提煉語氣或情感,對話以詢問信息為主,節奏較快。
4.1省譯“曰”字,直接翻譯對話內容
例如:
原文:曰:“何姓?”曰:“靖之同姓。”曰:“年幾?”曰:“近二十。”曰:“今何為?”曰:“州將之愛子也?!?/p>
譯文:1. “Do you know his surname?” “The same as mine.” “How old is he?” “Nearly 20.” “How about him for the moment?” “The beloved son of the general of the prefecture.”(周譯)
2. “What is his name?” “His name is Li too.” “How old is he?” “Only twenty.”
“What is he now?” “He is the son of a provincial general.”(楊譯)
3. The guest said, “What is his last name?”Li Jing said, “He has the same last name as mine.”The guest said, “How old is he?”Li said, “He is almost twenty years old.”The guest said, “What is he doing now?”Li Jing said, “He is a beloved son of a Commandery General.”(Wang譯)
5.結語
三個英譯本的譯者對英漢語言的把握都有很高水準,縱向對比,以周勁松老師的譯本對“曰”字的譯法最多,理解最深刻、精妙。本文本著學習和借鑒的目的探討《虬髯客傳》中的“曰”字譯法,望為廣大譯者翻譯古文中的“曰”字帶來啟發,也為中國古代典籍的翻譯帶來更多的思考。
參考文獻:
[1] (唐)沈既濟等編:《唐代傳奇選》,王中立今譯,楊憲益、戴乃迭英譯,北京:外文出版社,2007:266
[2] William H. Nienhauser Jr., Tang Dynasty Tales: A Guided Reader, New Jersery et al.: World Scientific, 2010:189
[3] Fiery Bristles 周勁松譯
作者簡介:楊開迪(1991-9),女,籍貫:四川綿竹,學歷:大學本科,學位:學士,研究方向:英語翻譯。