——第二屆世界中醫翻譯大賽點評"/>
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此次世界中醫翻譯大賽,共收到有效參賽譯文近三百份,總體質量比上屆有所提高。廣州醫科大學基礎部英語教研室教師進行了匿名初評和復評,后由世界中醫藥學會聯合會翻譯專業委員會組織中醫翻譯專家評出一、二、三等獎及優秀獎(獲獎名單見世界中醫藥學會聯合會網站)。
本文擬從“詞語變通”和“行文變通”兩方面,對此次翻譯大賽譯文作一點評。
翻譯中首先遇到的是詞語和詞組,在漢英翻譯中,則要在“字詞”與word和phrase之間不斷轉換,而它們多有對等之處。在該文的特定中醫語境里,一些看似簡單的詞語亦有多種選擇,需慎重對待。如,[1]中的“疾病”,參賽者用了disease、sickness、illness、ailment等,似都可以,但分析起來,disease是有某種特定病因并有可識別的體征和癥狀的病癥,包括任何軀體畸形或不能正常發揮的功能,但不包括物理性損傷(盡管后者可導致疾病)。illness主要是指not feeling well,如:The apparent cause of his illness was excessive drinking, but the real cause was his deep grief at his wife’s death.(他生病的表面原因是飲酒過度,但實際原因是喪妻之痛。)sickness意為the state of being ill or unhealthy,與illness類似。ailment為“小病”(not serious illness)。 相 比 之 下,malady則 為any unwholesome or desperate condition,即更嚴重的疾病,但現在更常用在社會方面,指serious problem in society(社會頑疾)等。然而,此處的“疾病”與前面的“生命”是一個動態過程,就“醫學”(包括中西醫)而言,實則是“治病”的過程,故宜為treating sickness/diseases 等。
同樣在[1]中,對“自然科學”一般都譯成了natural science,固然不錯,但在學術表述上更多地譯為physical science,如:Mathematics broke away from philosophy and became tied to physical science.(數學從哲學中分出來而且和自然科學聯系在一起。)對于“一門綜合學科”,有的參賽者意識到了其特殊性,故用了a special discipline、a distinct subject in the academic field等,顯然又過于“復雜化”了,不如簡化為an interdisciplinary practice等。
[2]中的“實證醫學”和“道理醫學”是另一問題集中點,前者是西醫已有術語,后者為中醫性質而造。可參賽者對于前者亦多有不知,如譯成empirical medicine、technical science、demonstrated medicine等,實屬不該。對于后者,則可仁者見仁,但也應盡量符合其語境和表述形式,有的如philosophical medicine、Taoist medicine、rational medicine等,在語境上固然“有道理”,但鑒于前面西醫的evidence-based medicine,此處不妨相應譯為reason-based medicine等。
對于[3]中的“中醫學家”,許多參賽者用了the scholar/expert of Chinese doctor,其實在西方,西醫被稱為orthodox medicine(正統醫學),這與其說是醫學的分類,不如說是一種社會文化的認知(即為社會大眾所認可),而中醫屬于alternative medicine (complementary medicine, fringe medicine),即另類醫學,或補救醫學、替代醫學等,界定了西醫(正統醫學)和中醫(一種另類醫學),中醫醫生可稱為doctor of Chinese medicine,而此處更確切的譯法應為scholar of TCM。
同段,對于“甚至用哲學的語言和規律來解釋人體的生理、病理現象”,參賽者譯成Even we use philosophical language and laws to explain physiological and pathological appearances of body、It even interprets physiological and pathological phenomena of human body with language and rules used in philosophical ideas、We explained the physiological and pathological phenomena of human body with the language and guidance of philosophy(其中的下畫線為作者所加,下同)等,其中都把“規律”與laws、rules、guidance等自然聯系起來,其實要作具體分析。此處主要指中醫是一種哲學性很強的傳統醫學,其概念充斥著哲學的因素,故不妨以TCM explains physiological and pathological phenomena of the human body in philosophical language and patterns/conceptualization來表述。
在[5]、[6]中,多處涉及“陰陽”概念,這可說是中醫哲學理念的基石。《黃帝內經·素問·上古天真論》述:“人生有形,不離陰陽。”“善診者,察色按脈,先別陰陽。”因而陰陽是對自然界和事物發展規律中相互對立又相輔相成兩方面的高度概括,這已為英語世界所廣泛熟知。從陰陽這一基本性質出發,翻譯中所作出的相應變通,盡管各異,但應不致相去甚遠。較為典型的參賽譯文,如將“從陰陽則生,逆之則死”譯成“If you follow yin and yang you will be alive; otherwise you will die”“following yin and yang leads you to life; opposing yin and yang results in death”等,固然較為貼近原文,但還可稍加變通,如所“從”的其實不只是yin、yang,而是其法則(principle)。然而,有的譯成“Human will be alive if complying with the natural laws, or will die”“Men will survive when they are compliant the law of nature, or they are doomed to die”等,則似乎又變通得“過”了,因yin and yang與natural laws、law of nature畢竟不是一回事。同時,此處的“生”和“死”也可作些變通,如不妨譯為Obedience to the principle of yin-yang cultivates life and resistance to it speeds up demise等。以此類推,[6]中的“陰陽交感”“陰陽互根”“孤陽不生”“孤陰不長”“重陰必陽”“重陽必陰”等,其翻譯可能在細節上各有不同(如將“交感”譯成communicating,將“互根”譯成as mutual foundation,將“不生”譯成not to breed,將“不長”譯成not to grow,將“必陽”譯成must be yang,將“必陰”譯成has to be yin等),但整體意思仍為“interaction of yin and yang”“mutual rooting of yin and yang”“solitary yang failing to grow, solitary yin failing to increase”“extreme yin turning into yang, extreme yang turning into yin”等,故都屬可接受范疇。
同時,[5]中的“夫病已成而后藥之”的“藥”不是名詞(medicine、remedy、 drug),而是動詞,即curing… with medicine,但在此處,順其句式,又不妨將其變通為名詞medication,將該句譯為Medication after the contraction of illness等。
[7]中的“五臟”屬中醫用語,有的譯成wu zang、 five zang-organs等,其實也未嘗不可,但接續中需有說明或注釋,如:The general name of the heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney. Each of five Zang organs functions to transform and store essence and qi, but also has its own responsibility and connects with the corresponding limb and sense organ.而若依此體例,后面的“心”“肝”“脾”“肺”“腎”亦應先標出xin、gan、pi、fei、shen,因這些畢竟是中醫里的概念,而后再對應其西醫概念hear、liver、spleen、lungs、kidneys,因二者之間并不完全相等。同時,此處的“對等”,也未必是equivalence、equivalent、reciprocity、reciprocal、equity等;考慮到是兩種醫學系統間的概念轉換,不妨用mutually translatable between the two medical systems。
同理,[9]中的“命門”則更是一個典型的中醫概念,還未在英語世界廣為人知,故最好先以其中文形式(拼音)出現,ming men,再作釋譯,如...which may be understood as “a place where congenital essence is stored, ...”,以收既變且通之效。
同時,對于該段中的“元氣”,有的譯成yuan qi、innate energy、essential qi、 the primordial energy等,似都可接受,但參照相關的漢英中醫詞典,以primordial qi為宜。至于“真火”,許多人按其字面意思譯成the true fire、the real fire、living energy等,顯然沒有了解其中醫里的特定涵義——kidney-yang、the energy of kidney-yang。類似的,還有“真水”,kidneyyin、the energy of kidney-yin;“真氣”,the vital qi;“真喘”,dyspnea of excess type;“真意”,pure thoughts等。
至于[8]中對“心臟”的客觀描述,則屬西醫范疇,應嚴格遵循其已有英文術語,特別是“心壁”“心肌”“心內膜”“心包”等不可臆造。
文章是包括題目的,這個簡單的事實似乎并未被每個參賽者所意識或重視, 直接體現在對標題的漏譯和誤譯。沒有標題,不成為完整的文章,所以通常在初評環節即被淘汰。而標題翻譯的質量所以重要,因其直接反映譯者對于原文的理解,并影響全文。
很多人將標題譯成Traditional Chinese Medicine Philosophy、The Philosophy of Chinese Medicine、On the Philosophy of Traditional Chinese Medicine等,若回譯過去,便是“中醫的哲學”,顯然與原文的“哲學意義上的中醫”有誤差;而A philosophical Chinese doctor則相去甚遠;Philosophically Traditional Chinese Medicine有語法問題;On Traditional Chinese Medicine from an Aspect of Philosophical Signi ficance不夠簡練。所以,較為適宜的,為The Philosophical Aspect of Traditional Chinese Medicine、Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Philosophical Aspect 、Traditional Chinese Medicine in Its Philosophical Sense等。
在[1]中,“……因為在生命和疾病過程中,不僅需要健康和病理知識,而且涉及大量的心理、社會和文化因素,所以是一門綜合學科”,許多參賽譯文采用了這樣的句式:“Because in the process of both life and disease,not only healthy and pathology knowledge are needed, but also refer to a quantity of psychological, social and cultural factors, medicine is a comprehensive discipline.”“In the process of life and disease, it not only needs health and pathological knowledge, but also involves a large number of psychological, social and cultural factors. As a result, medicine is also a comprehensive subject.”且不論其中的語法錯誤,就其行文來講,過于“零碎”。須知,與中文的“意合”不同,英文重“形合”,即是將句子成分之間用語言形式手段(如連詞、介詞、代詞等)連接起來,形成完整邏輯關系,英文定義為:The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connective, for example,“I shall despair if you don’t come”.故對此需有形合的意識,要著眼整句、甚至整段,如譯為:Medicine is regarded as a special physical science since the process of living and treating sickness requires not only a knowledge of health and pathology but also involves many psychological, social and cultural factors,resulting in a comprehensive discipline.從而將原意加以整合。
在[2]中,“中西醫學的根本屬性是相同的,即治病、防病、救死扶傷,保護和增進人類健康,但是在哲學意義上,二者卻迥然不同。”一句,一般參賽譯文,如“The basic attribute of traditional Chinese and Western Medicine is the same, namely the treatment and prevention of disease, life-saving,protection and promotion of human health, but in the sense of philosophy, the two are very different.”“Both traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine origin from the same root, which is curing diseases, preventing diseases, healing the wounded and rescuing the dying, coupled with protecting and enhancing human’s health. However, in terms of philosophy meanings, traditional Chinese medicine possesses huge differences with western medicine.”,分析起來,原文強調兩種醫學在“根本屬性”和“哲學意義”上的不同,但這些譯文卻將此重點埋沒了。對此,不妨采用“Fundamentally, …; Philosophically, …”的句式,以突出主題,如:Fundamentally, both Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) and Western Medicine (WM) aim at preventing and curing diseases,protecting and improving people’s health. Philosophically, however, the two medicines are quite different.同時,值得說明的是,當Traditional Chinese Medicine和Western Medicine首次出現時,應在后面括弧中加上簡稱(TCM)(WM),以便下次出現時使用,從而避免整篇使用全稱。
在同段,“……如果說,當代西醫是以‘技術科學’為基礎和中介的‘實證醫學’,那么中醫就是以中國傳統哲學為主導的‘道理醫學’”,對于其中的銜接部分(下畫線),很多參賽譯文處理欠佳,如“If we say contemporary WM is evidence-based, builds on technology and science and using them as a medium, then categorically TCM is a ‘reason medicine’ that develops its doctrines on the bedrock of Chinese traditional philosophy.”“Contemporary Western medicine is an empirical medicine that taking technical science as basis and intermediary, while TCM is a theoretical medicine which is dominated by traditional Chinese philosophy.”等,不免顯得冗贅。其實,不妨使用過去分詞短語:While modern WM is de fined as “evidence-based” supported and mediated by scienti fic technology, TCM can be called “reason-based” oriented by traditional Chinese philosophy.從而使句子簡化、通暢。
在[3]中,“我國古代醫學無論從思想上還是方法上,都緊緊依賴于哲學,甚至……”,其中,對于“依賴于哲學”大都順從原文,譯成“… whose tenets and methods are highly dependent on philosophy…”“Ancient Chinese Medicine relies closely on philosophy for thoughts and methodology…”“…our ancient medicine was based closely on philosophy no matter on thoughts or measures”等,其實不妨使用動名詞形式,將狀語提前:“Relying heavily on philosophy in terms of thought and methodology, …”以使句子更加平衡。
在[4]中,對于“應當說,文化涵蓋了哲學;哲學是文化的重要組成部分”,一般譯成“It should be said that culture contains philosophy and philosophy is a signi ficant component part of culture.”“It should be mentioned that culture covers philosophy and philosophy is the signi ficant component of culture.”“It goes without saying that culture covers everything, including philosophy, which reversely stands as an essential part of culture.”等,應當說都是可接受的,但整個句式,特別是對“涵蓋”“是”等詞語可有更多推敲,如:We can posit that culture embodies philosophy, which is in fact part of any culture and constitutes one of its essential components.
[5]的“此段論述,與其說是醫學,在某種意義上,不如說是哲學或安邦治國之道”,對于其中的“與其說……,不如說……”,參賽者一般用了不同的表述,如“This treatise relatively shows the way of philosophy and administration rather than medicine.”“It is more like a discussion about philosophy or the way to govern a country rather than medicine in a sense.”等,都有一定效果,亦有缺陷;其實,不妨采用“… is not so much… as…or…”的句式,譯為:What this paragraph expounds is actually not so much medicine as philosophy or a way of governing a state.
[6]中,對“……若不是在中醫的語境里”,較為典型的譯文,如If takes out of the context of TCM、… if not used in Chinese Traditional Medicine language environment、If they are separated from the TCM context等,顯然是動詞上出了問題;不妨使用read的被動語態“… if these were not read in the context of TCM”更確切。
[8]中的“尖端向左前下方”,有個詞序的問題,很多參賽者未能很好 把 握, 如 … with its small end pointing to front bottom-left、with the tip pointing to the lower front-left、with its tip toward the front lower left side 等;實則,中英文里表示方向的詞序,許多情況下是相反的,故不妨譯為:“…with the pointed end (apex) directed downwards, forwards, and to the left.”同時,“開竅于舌”,被許多人譯成tongue is the sense organ of it、the tongue is acting as the window of the heart、it has an ori fice which is the tongue等,似乎都有一定道理,但在目前流行的漢英中醫教材里,一般譯為opens / opens into/at the heart等。探究起來,五臟開竅之說,源自《黃帝內經》,指五臟與人體官竅有著相對應的關系,即肝開竅于目,心開竅于舌,脾開竅于口,肺開竅于鼻,腎開竅于耳及二陰,在英語翻譯實踐中,逐漸形成了比較穩定的表述,故可跟從。同時,還應參照一些中醫翻譯專家的通常表述,如李照國、方廷鈺、謝竹藩、朱忠寶等學者的譯著。
其實,翻譯中這種詞語和行文的變通,即為某種意義上的translation shifts,其核心仍是“萬變不離其宗”。
中醫翻譯,作為一種特定的醫學翻譯,涉及許多歷史、文化、哲學和社會知識,因而使其翻譯體現出特殊的性質與技巧。故有志于中醫翻譯者,需不斷提高相關素質與技能,以取得理想效果。 □