支架式理論在寫作教學中的運用

孫琳　俞曉冬

【內容簡介】

教材中本單元閱讀文本是一篇描寫地點的記敘文，記敘了作者最喜歡的地方The Greenwood Park，在記敘中作者通過人物、地點、時間等描寫，使文章豐富、飽滿，又通過添加細節描寫，使文章更加生動。本課采取以讀促寫的策略，引導學生嘗試運用寫作技巧，在教師的引領下，通過詞匯與句型的輸入，配合繪制寫作思維導圖，完成一篇記敘文。

【學情分析】

所教學生基礎一般，能用簡單的詞匯描述自己所喜歡的地方，但如何讓他們運用恰當的詞匯和句型去描述他們所喜歡的地方，并進行細節描寫，使所寫句子和文章內容更加豐富、形象、生動，則需要大量的寫前輸入。

【教學目標】

1.寫作前的準備

（1）詞匯和句子的輸入;

（2）詞匯和句子的練習;

（3）口頭段落的輸出;

（4）段落的輸入（內容分析）;

（5）利用思維導圖進行段落框架的分析。

2.寫作中

（1）利用思維導圖搭建寫作的基本框架;

（2）根據導圖和寫作要求寫出初稿（作業）。

【教學重點】

通過寫作前的支架搭建，如詞匯、短語等，形成有效的輸出，即從詞到句，從句到篇，循序漸進地訓練層次和順序。

【學習難點】

1.學生學會循序漸進的寫作方法。

2.學生學會畫寫作的思維導圖。

【設計思路】

本課的設計思路是閱讀和分析教材所給文章→學習寫作技巧→教師帶領學生一起練習寫作技巧→教師帶領學生學會畫思維導圖→學生畫自己寫作的思維導圖→學生獨立進行寫作，修改習作。

首先，學生閱讀教材所給文章 The Greenwood Park感知寫作技巧。通過閱讀教材文章，分析文章結構，包括概括文章大意，分析段落結構，學會敘事過程，即文章可以分為三部分，開頭——中間——結尾。

其次，學生練習寫作技巧。即通過畫思維導圖，學會添加句子細節。先讓學生進行小組討論，對該短文細節進行分析，如時間、地點、人物、起因、結果等。然后以思維導圖的形式概括整個短文內容。

最后，學生獨立進行寫作。教師引導學生通過畫自己喜歡地方的思維導圖，添加細節，從而達到從構建閱讀支架，輸入有效寫作技巧，到流暢且有效地輸出自己的文章。

【教學過程】

Step 1：Lead in

T say hello to them and introduce herself. The last question is “Do you like Harbin？”（自由對話部分提問三個學生，最后一個問題內容引入新課。）

設計意圖：導入部分簡潔，直接切入話題不浪費時間。

Step 2：Pre-writing

Vocabulary & sentences input

T：It has many beautiful and famous streets. Lets look at them. Its the Central Street， the Gogol Street and Jingyu Street. （Together with the students. ）

T：Are they famous / noisy / beautiful / crowded / popular / wonderful/ attractive？

S：Yes. They are famous/noisy/beautiful/crowded/popular/ wonderful / attractive.

設計意圖：寫作前輸入與搭建的詞匯、句型，激活了學生的背景知識，為收集寫作信息，理清寫作思路做好充分的準備，從談論自己熟悉的街道開始詞匯的輸入（adj.）。

T： Do they have many stores？

S： Yes. They have many stores.

T： What else do they have？

S： They have famous buildings / supermarkets /cinemas/ restaurants/ coffee shops/ bookstores/ shopping centers.

T：What can we do there？ I can see films there. What about you？

S： I can take a walk/go shopping/ drink coffee/ have dinner/ see films/ take photos/ read books/ learn history and culture/ meet friends/ have fun/see creative street performers/enjoy my time.

T： There is something for everyone there.

設計意圖：句型輸入。（1）It has...（n.名詞輸入）。（2）I can do...there.（v.動詞及動詞短語的輸入）。為后續的寫作輸入可支撐的句型和豐富的內容細節。

vocabulary & sentences practice

T： Of all the three streets， I like Jingyu Street best because it has the most famous buildings. I can learn history and culture about Harbin. Which street do you think is the best to go？ Why do you like it？ What can you do there？ Write it down on your paper.

Ss write on the Students page：? ? ?is the best place to go in Harbin because it is the I can there.

T walks around the classroom to check whether they have problems or difficulties in completing the tasks.

T： Does anyone like to show the writing？ OK， good. Can you read it？

S reads by him or herself： The Central street is the best place to go in Harbin because it is the most famous. It has many stores， restaurants， European style buildings and books stores. I can enjoy my time there.

T： Good！ Your handwriting needs improvement. Next time write carefully and neatly， OK？ En，no spelling mistakes， capital letter and right punctuation， good. No grammar mistakes. Good writing.

T： Well， I see you have done a very good job. Lets work in pairs to tell your partner which place is the best to go to ， why you like it and what you can do there.

Ss work in pairs to practice orally.

T： Take turns to tell me， OK？

Ss stand up and read in public. After one finishes， the teacher can ask Ss some questions to check their attention：

（1）Whats her/his favorite place to go to？

（2）Why does he / she like it？

（3）What can she/he do there？

Passage input

T： We like our hometown best. Lets see what place the writer in our textbook thinks is the best to go. Book open and look at 3a . We have several tasks for you to complete.

PPT上呈現任務：

Task I：

（1）Read the words in the box together or one by one.

（2）Read the article. Fill in the blanks with the correct superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs in the box.

Give Ss some time to finish and check the answer. Ss take turn to read one sentence by one sentence.

Task II：

Please work in groups to finish the tasks on the students page quickly and surely.

（1）Whats the best title？

（2）Underline the topic sentence. （beginning part.）

（3）Underline the conclusive sentence. （ending part.）

（4）Why does the write like it best？

Ss work in groups and finish the tasks

學生卷上的第4小題有圖提示，學生根據短文及簡筆畫的提示寫出答案。

T： Have you finished？ Lets see how the writer expresses himself.

Ss take turns to answer the questions. T will ask more students to volunteer the answers if time permits.

Structure analysis

T： How does the writer like it so much？ Lets draw a mind-map to have a close look at Greenwood park.

學生頁上有導圖的基本框架，學生根據書上的短文完成導圖。

T： Excellent work！ Lets check what you do with your mind map.

T： What is the best place to go to on weekends？

S： Greenwood Park.

T： Whats the first reason why the writer goes to Greenwood Park？

S： She wants to meet her friends.

T： Why does she always finish her breakfast fastest on Saturday？

S： Because she wants to get to the Greenwood Park before 10：00a.m.

T： Whats the second reason why the writer goes to Greenwood Park？

S： She wants to see the street performers.

T： How is the park on weekends because almost everyone goes there to see the street performers.

S： The park is the most crowded place on weekends.

T： What does the writer think of the street performers？

S： She thinks they are the most creative people.

T：Whats the last reason why the writer goes to Greenwood Park？

S： She can enjoy her time most quietly.

T： Whats the place where she can enjoy her time most quietly？

S： The place where she can enjoy her time most quietly is at one of the small coffee shops near the park.

T： What can she do there？

S： She can read or relax there.

T： So the writer thinks there is something for everyone at Greenwood Park. Thats to say it is the best place to on weekends.

T： Now its your time to correct your mistakes on the mind map.

設計意圖：設計有邏輯關系的段落，要把之前輸入的內容進行有效的整合，讓學生組句成段，有一個完整的輸出過程的訓練。本環節是寫作的輸出練習，不適合小組活動，必須由學生個體獨立完成。同時教師在讓學生展示的過程中，要及時糾正單詞拼寫、語法、大小寫及標點的錯誤，幫助學生明確作文修改中的關鍵點。

Step 3：While-writing

Mind map drawing for getting ready for students own writing

The writer likes Greenwood Park best. Do you want to introduce your favorite streets in Harbin to her？ Are you interested in it？ First， lets draw another mind map by yourselves.

Everyone works hard. Good job. I work hard， too. See my mind map.

Jingyu Street is the best street in Harbin because it is the oldest street and has the longest history. I can learn history and culture of Harbin there. I always have dinner with my friends， and buy some small gifts to enjoy my time. I feel really relaxed.