Abstracts of Main Papers

TheConceptionandApproachoftheMingandQingImperialAgro-mercantileSocietyResearch

ZHAO Yi-feng(2)

Ming/Qing imperial agro-mercantile society research deals with the organizational structure and main historical trends of Ming and Qing Dynasty in China, aiming at providing a new understanding of the Ming and Qing Society under a broader perspective. Different from previous studies influenced by stagnation theory, sole factor determination theory and Eurocentric theory, this thesis employed a synthesized revision approach based upon structural analysis, textual examination, and civilization study. It argues that: Ming and Qing Dynasty in China did not fall into stagnation but rather developed in vary aspects and became involved with the globalization movement of the whole world in that era; the main characteristics of the Ming/Qing agro-mercantile society include the agricultural and commodity economy together and constituted the economic foundation of the whole society meanwhile formed up a mutual collaboration relation with the imperial system; such a society had a potential to move into a further developed market economy stag and nearly accomplish the coherence movement of Chinese civilization, which was clearly not the same track of the Western European history. As a peculiar type of society, Ming/Qing Dynasty in China cannot be fully explained by any previous existed theory. As a response to other scholars' questions, some related issues also has been addressed in this article.

TheAcademicBackgroundandTheoreticalResourcesof“Agro-mercantileSociety”Theory

GE Jin-fang&LIU Ping-sheng(11)

The theory of “Agro-mercantile Society” is a theoretical hypothesis presented first under the academic background of re-generalization of the characteristics and evolving path of Chinese traditional society in the beginning years of 21th century. This hypothesis holds that the economic structure of the Song Dynasty has undergone some qualitative changes from the perspective of industrial evolving. That is, the single agriculture in the Han and Tang dynasties changed to the agricultural- Commercial structure. As a result, Chinese traditional history evolved into the Agro-mercantile society. Taking the Song Dynasty as the historical starting point, the Agro-mercantile society lasted in Ming and Qing dynasties, and gradually replaced by the modern Industrial-Commercial society in the late 20th century. The theory of Agricultural-Commercial society mainly depends on the historical evidence of Chinese history, and also benefits from the enlightenments of many theoretical resources, such as the theory of regional economic history, the theory of reforming period between Tang and Song dynasties, the theory of very-long term growth and the theory of new institutional economics. At the same time, the observation of politicians and scholars in Song Dynasty also offers a strong support to the theory of Agro-mercantile Society.

“Civilsociety”or“Wealthysociety” ——Furtherdiscussiononthetheoryof“CivilSociety”inMingandQingdynasty

LIN Wen-xun&ZHANG Jin-peng(19)

Some scholars proposed the theory of “Civil Society” in Ming and Qing dynasty and considered it as a emerged new force, or can break the shackles of traditional Chinese society and leading towards a new change in Ming and Qing dynasty. We thought the “rich families” and “gentry” are not “civil” but only “Wealthy”. Some “anti-feudalism” struggle appeared in Ming and Qing dynasty is the contradiction between wealthy class and the state rather than a movement of capitalism in civil stratum. Some new trends in thoughts is not the appearance of the enlightenment but the further development of the theory of “Protect the wealthy” in the Song dynasty. The development of the “Public Sphere” in Ming and Qing dynasty is not the rise of the power of the criticism of the government but a spokesman for the “national discourse” of folk transformation. The society of Ming and Qing dynasty is not a “civil society” with new forces surging, nor a stagnant society without development momentum, but a “Wealthy Society” consistent with the Song and Yuan dynasty. The class of “Wealthy” stratum is a driving force to promote social development, a stratum in the middle class, a force which promote sustained socio-economic development in Ming and Qing dynasty, a guarantee to make the political power of the unified state operates steadily and homogeneously.

EmbeddedandCooperative:State-SocietyRelationshipin40YearsReformandOpeningupErainChina

FAN Peng(29)

In the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China's state power and social forces have been expanded in both directions. However, it is striking that China's state-society relations have not completely “de-embedded” or confronted each other at almost all stages of reform era. Relatively “embedded” in the state system and power operations, social forces in China continue to interact and cooperate with the state in a moderate separation, thus maintaining the overall political stability.

State-society relations reflect the important characteristics of China's development path. The rich governance experiences in the field of state-society relations manifested itself at the four perspectives, namely as: “symbiosis and inter-embedded”, “Political and social cooperation”, “classified treatment”, and “performance first”. However, with the acceleration of social reorganization process, the diversification of social structures, and the complex operation of social power in the new technology environment, China's state-society relations will also face new challenges.

IsKuhn'Neo-KantianismsinceStructureaWrongTurning

JIA Xiang-tong(49)

Kuhn had made an important influence on philosophy of science for his naturalistic approach in The Structure of the Scienti?c Revolutions, but since then he had moved away from naturalism to a priori approach, which Kuhn chartered as a post-Darwinian Kantianism. In this paper we will critically evaluate the turning of Kuhn to explaining the nature of science and discuss the problem of how to understand his approach in the context of Naturalism and Normativity.

TheProblemsinHandlingthePublicWelfareandCommercialNaturesofChineseMedicalTreatmentandPharmaceuticalProducingInstitutionsandTheirSolutions

LIU Zhi-jun & Wang Min(76)

In order to further meet the medical and healthcare needs of the people and improve the quality of medical and healthcare service, China has clarified the public welfare orientation of the new round of medical and health system reform. At the same time, in order to improve the quality and efficiency of medical supply and give full play to the leading role of market mechanism in medical supply, it has also become the trend to reform China's medical and healthcare public products supply model. In this context, how to balance the public welfare and commercial interests in the development of the pharmaceutical industry becomes an important problem. To seek a two-way policy balance is the basic idea to solve the public welfare and commercial problems in the pharmaceutical industry.

PostmodernAnthropologyintheCulturalMirrorandTheCognitiveRevolutioninChineseAnthropology

YAN Nian-xing & PENG Yi-Ni(132)

Under the influence of postmodernism, Western anthropology has disrupted the identity of disciplines, which not only shows the reflective nature of the subject itself, but also shows the crisis of the traditional methodology of anthropology and cognitive theory. In the comparative framework of the discourse system of the world (“marginal” and “center”), Chinese anthropology went through the reconstruction of the discourse system of anthropology under the influence of the post-modernist thoughts despite the existence of many modern problems in anthropological disciplines. , in particular the rise of China's “Outer Seas ethnography” in recent years, surpassing the cognitive paradigm of dualism in Western anthropology which taking “Western” as its core center. This undoubtedly opens a new realm of anthropology as how to reconstruct anthropology as a subject essence for the benefit of human society in the context of the existence of humanity as a whole.

ImplementingtheLegalPathofCollectiveLandOwnership:TakingtheCompilationoftheRealRightSectionoftheCivilCodeasaClue

GAO Fei(153)

In the legislative research and reform practice, “implementing collective land ownership” is not as important as “stabilizing Contractual Right of Land and releasing Land Management Rights”. In the new era of the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, in view of the shortcomings of the “separation of the two rights” system, the implementation of Collective Land Ownership will be fixed in legal form, which will help the development of the Rural Collective Economy, help promote moderate scale operations, and benefit farmer`s property rights. In the current rural land legal system, the implementation of Collective Land Ownership faces the real dilemma of dislocation of rights, lack of subject system and lack of the content of right. The compilation of Real Right Section in the Civil Code should aim at piercing the shortage of the system of the Collective Land Ownership and highlighting the character of its private rights in order to improve its subjective system and enrich its content of right.

TheSpaceAestheticsandNewApproachestoLiteraryStudies

PEI Xuan(178)

Space aesthetics had constructed a comprehensive and common mode of knowledge production and interpretation about “space” in an all-round way, thus providing a new method and strategy for literary research and forming a kind of space aesthetics theory about literature. From the perspective of content, space aesthetics changes the expression of passive machinery such as “place” and “space” in literary activities, and corrects it to the ontological existence with unique aesthetic value. Space image can be defined into three types: first as the representation of real space; the second as the intentional “fusion” of the subject's spiritual space and realistic space; and the third as the release of the subject's spiritual space. These three parts constitute a complete spectrum of spatial image. From the perspective of literary form, space aesthetics adjusts the existence strategy of “space” in literary narration only as “scene” and “background”, but includes space into the core elements that promote text narration. Space narration“and space metaphor jointly constitute the important representational factors of spatial intervention in literary form. Space aesthetics provides a new knowledge resource and methodology strategy for literary research.