徐佳楠 葛晨輝 王全華 王小麗
摘 要: 從營養液配方、環境因素、水培馴化等方面綜述了有關菠菜水培的研究進展.菠菜水培營養液配方的研究主要集中在配方的篩選與主要營養元素的調整熵.光照、溶解氧、液溫是影響水培菠菜生長的重要環境因素.菠菜自身水培適應性可能也是影響菠菜水培的重要因素,但目前鮮有相關報道.最后對今后的菠菜水培技術研究方向提出展望.
關鍵詞: 菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.); 水培技術; 營養液配方; 環境因素; 水培適應性
中圖分類號: S 636.1 ?文獻標志碼: A ?文章編號: 1000-5137(2019)05-0597-08
Abstract: This paper reviewed the research progress on leafy vegetable hydroponics about nutrient solution,environmental factors,cultivation measures and hydroponic domestication.The researches of spinach nutrient solution are mainly focused on the screening of nutrient solution formula and adjustment of main nutrient elements.Light,dissolved oxygen concentration and liquid temperature are main environmental factors influencing spinach growth under hydroponic conditions.Few researches have been conducted on the hydroponic adaptability of spinach.At last,the future research work on spinach hydroponics was also discussed.
Key words: Spinacia oleracea L.; hydroponic technology; nutrient solution; environmental factor; hydroponic adaptability
0 引 言
隨著都市農業結構的調整和消費者對蔬菜質量及食用安全意識的增強,蔬菜水培技術因其在縮短生長周期、減少水肥藥施用、增產保質等方面的明顯優勢,日益成為國內外設施園藝發展的重要技術.蔬菜水培技術既適應大都市對蔬菜產量和品質的高需求,同時也是都市現代農業科技水平的集中體現.然而,目前我國水培蔬菜種類主要以生菜類、白菜類為主.種類單一限制了蔬菜水培技術的應用范圍,因此有必要對其他蔬菜品種進行水培專用新品種的選育及配套栽培技術的研究,以豐富水培蔬菜種類,促進水培蔬菜的產業化發展.
菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)是我國普遍栽培的重要綠葉蔬菜之一,其營養豐富,富含多種維生素,生產周期短,復種指數高,產量、產值高,是我國主要出口蔬菜之一.然而與其他葉菜類蔬菜相比,目前市場上的菠菜品種大多是在傳統土培和基質栽培的基礎上篩選培育而得,而在水環境,尤其是深液流水培系統中緩苗慢、生物產量低,無法展示其優良性狀,嚴重限制了水培菠菜產量和質量的提高.目前國內對菠菜水培的研究主要集中在對已有營養配方的改良上,但改善效果不明顯或適用面較窄[1].在篩選和培育水培專用菠菜新品種方面,更是鮮有研究報道.因此有必要總結相關葉菜水培生產經驗,開展水培條件下菠菜生命活動規律的研究,為培育高產優質水培菠菜新品種,及提高菠菜水培生產技術提供依據.
1 菠菜水培營養液研究
1.1 營養液配方比較
目前國內菠菜水培采用的營養液配方通常為各類葉菜通用配方,如日本園試、日本山崎等.為篩選最適宜菠菜生長的水培營養液配方,王瑞等[2]比較了0.8倍Hoagland、日本山崎、日本園試、華南農大葉菜A等4個葉菜類常用營養液配方對菠菜品質、生物量動態的影響,采用主成分分析法對生長、品質等多指標進行綜合評價,其中,日本園試配方得分最高,是4種配方中最適宜菠菜水培的營養液配方.本課題組比較了同一供氮水平(氮物質的量濃度為8 mmol·L-1)的6個營養液(0.76倍改良Hoagland、0.46倍日本園試、1.23倍日本山崎、0.38倍園藝均衡、華南農大葉菜A、華南農大葉菜B)對菠菜生長的影響,結果發現人工氣候室靜態水培條件下,用1.23倍日本山崎配方營養液培養的菠菜生物量、株高最高,而同期溫室淺液流水培條件下,用1.23倍日本山崎和0.38倍園藝均衡培養的菠菜生物量最高(該成果已被接受,待發表).在各營養液總離子濃度比例保持不變的情況下,導致結果差異的原因可能與營養液中營養素絕對濃度有關,尤其是硝態氮濃度.此外,水培方式以及栽培環境條件的差異,如不同水質、葉菜種類、生長階段等也會影響營養液配方的適用范圍.
1.2 營養液中營養元素的調節
為了優化通用配方,很多研究者對營養液中重要元素的濃度和配比對菠菜產量和品質的影響開展了大量研究,其中關于氮(N)、磷(P)、鉀(K)的研究報道較多,尤其是氮元素.水培營養液氮素來源主要為硝態氮和銨離子,尤其是硝態氮.孫興祥等[3]以改進的大澤營養液為水培配方,研究了不同氮素水平(5,10,15,20 mmol·L-1)對4個菠菜品種生物量以及植株不同部位硝酸鹽、可溶性糖含量的影響,發現15 mmol·L-1氮素水平下菠菜生物量最高,菠菜的硝酸鹽含量隨氮素水平的提高呈遞增趨勢,而可溶性糖含量則隨氮素水平的提高呈遞減趨勢.OKAZAKI等[4]比較了3個硝態氮濃度水平(1,2,4 mmol·L-1)對水培菠菜的影響,發現4 mmol·L-1硝態氮濃度下菠菜的產量、總氮含量和硝酸鹽含量均最高.作者還設置了不同物質的量濃度比例的硝態氮/銨態氮(10 ?∶ 0,5 ?∶ 5,3 ?∶ 7)的營養液配方處理,發現3個處理對水培菠菜鮮重、總氮含量影響無顯著差異,但隨著銨態氮比例的增加,植株硝態氮含量明顯降低.其他研究報道也發現類似的規律,當NH4+-N/NO3--N物質的量濃度比值從100 ?∶ 0變化到0 ?∶ 100,菠菜的生物量、株高、根系長度、硝酸鹽和亞硝酸鹽累積量等均呈增加趨勢,營養液中適當增銨能提高菠菜品質,但不能增加菠菜的產量.NH4+-N/NO3--N比值為0 ?∶ 100時,菠菜莖葉生物量最高,隨著NH4+-N/NO3--N 比例的增加,菠菜的生物量和硝酸鹽累積量均呈遞減趨勢[5-6],水溶性糖含量則呈遞增趨勢[6].除硝態氮和銨態氮外,適當配施有機氮能顯著提高營養效應,改善作物品質.不同物質的量濃度比例的硝態氮/甘氨酸處理(100 ?∶ 0,75 ?∶ 25,50 ?∶ 50,25 ?∶ 75,0 ?∶ 100)下,甘氨酸部分替代硝態氮降低了菠菜生物量,但同時硝態氮含量也顯著降低[7].
2.3 溫 度
溫度是影響水培植物生長的重要因素之一.GENT[32]研究發現生菜相對生長速度(RGR)更容易受日照輻射的影響,而受溫度和營養液硝態氮濃度影響不大;相反,菠菜更容易受溫度和營養液硝態氮濃度影響.SEO等[31]也發現不管營養液的DOC濃度如何,夏季高溫是導致水培菠菜死亡的直接原因,而生菜不受營養液溫度的影響.但沒有關于菠菜水培適宜溫度范圍的詳細報道.
3 菠菜自身因素及其他
菠菜自身對水培環境的適應能力是影響其水培生產表現的關鍵因素之一.不同作物對環境條件的適應性不同,同一作物不同品種對水培環境的適應性也有差異.SINHA等[33]發現小麥品種間對不同栽培介質(水培、基質、土培)的響應存在較大差異,說明可以通過品種篩選獲得水培適應性能力高的作物品種.根系是影響植物水培適應性的關鍵器官.水培環境下,根系環境發生很大的變化,根系環境的變化又會顯著影響植物對水分和養分的吸收,進而影響植物的生長[34].如何利用菠菜各器官尤其是根系的適應性反應以充分挖掘菠菜自身對水環境的適應潛力,是提高菠菜水培生產效率的關鍵之一.已有研究報道水培環境下植物能夠改變地上部分與根系的形態,及微觀結構以適應低氧的水培環境.如耐水培的植物,其水環境中的植物根皮層內一般會形成發達的通氣組織,以利于根系供氧[35].水培低氧環境還會誘導不定根、根中徑向氧氣損失屏障的形成,以及莖基或下胚軸肥腫等形態結構的變化.這些變化均有利于地上部的氧氣向根系擴散,緩解低氧對植物的脅迫作用[36-37].目前為止在菠菜水培適應性機理方面的研究未見報道,后續可以從菠菜根系微觀結構、生理生化及分子機制方面開展相關研究.
還有研究發現,水培體系由于缺乏培養介質對根際分泌物的吸附、中和,在長期水培過程中,蔬菜根系分泌出的毒性物質經累積后會造成自毒危害,抑制蔬菜生長[38].常見的各類蔬菜如豌豆[39]、生菜[40]、黃瓜[41-42]、西紅柿[43]、蘆筍[44]等都可釋放自毒物質,采用活性炭吸附、光催化法等方法可去除植物自毒物質,減輕其對植物的生長抑制作用[38].菠菜根際分泌物是否會對水培菠菜的生長產生抑制作用還未見報道.
4 展 望
菠菜是重要的生、熟食綠葉蔬菜,在水培生產中具有廣闊的應用前景.開發適合多種水培生產模式的菠菜水培生產技術,培育水培專用高產優質菠菜新品種是實現菠菜水培規模化生產的前提.然而與水培生菜相比,目前菠菜水培技術研究基礎薄弱,無論是關于營養液配方還是環境因素調控方面的報道均較少,在菠菜水培專用品種的選育方面更是匱乏.今后有必要從以下幾個方面重點開展菠菜水培技術相關的基礎研究:1) 繼續開展對菠菜水培營養液關鍵營養元素最適濃度的研究,明確菠菜不同生育期對各營養元素需求的動態變化,尤其是N,P與K的絕對濃度與濃度配比;2) 考慮環境因素相互之間可能存在耦合效應,開展菠菜水培環境的多因素綜合調控研究,探索最優的綜合環境調控技術參數;3) 深入研究菠菜根系應對液溫變化與低氧脅迫的響應機制,與綜合調控策略;4) 參考其他植物水生馴化機制,開展菠菜水培馴化相關的形態、生理生化特征研究,建立菠菜耐水培品種評價指標體系,篩選耐水培菠菜種質資源,并在此基礎上進一步探究菠菜水培馴化機制,挖掘菠菜根系水生相關基因.
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