喀山市卡班湖群濱水區的復興，喀山，俄羅斯

（尚晉 譯）

1 生態海綿設施與文教設計相結合。現有的樹木（如圖 中的柳樹）受到良好的保護，并被整合在新設計中/The biological infiltration facilities are integrated with recreational and educational design. The preexisting trees (in this picture, a willow tree) are well protected and integrated in the new design

項目概況

喀山市卡班湖被廢棄的濱水區通過謹慎的景觀改造干預，在很短的時間內實現了復興。該項目將景觀呈現為一種互動性的載體。該項目將景觀作為一個調節水文環境、提升區域可達性、提升公眾交往機會的互動載體，可以為公共空間與自然、文化、社會發展產生聯系提供諸多機會。

挑戰與目標

喀山是韃靼斯坦共和國的首府，人口120 萬，為俄羅斯第六大城市。下卡班湖北側與東側的岸線構成了城市的濱水空間。項目面積約為30hm2，涵蓋了長達約2km的岸線范圍。伴隨著長達700年的生活垃圾與工業廢水的排放，被污染的湖體與城市嚴重割裂，致使城市失去了重要的活力來源與生態基礎設施。雖然湖畔的各類工業在過去幾十年中相繼破產，城市徑流仍在污染湖水；歷史中心區部分的湖體周邊粗暴地建起了水泥護堤，將城市最重要的的濱水區變成了一片死氣沉沉的混凝土沙漠；由于高速公路、私人社區、廢棄工業用地與雜草叢生的樹林的阻斷，卡班湖的絕大部分濱水空間對于公眾來說是無法靠近的。卡班湖現有的開發區是圍繞著機動車的通行需求規劃的，這不僅割裂了野生動物棲息地，并且阻礙了人們抵達濱水區域。借著舉辦2018 FIFA世界杯的契機，韃靼斯坦政府決定改造這個城市最為重要的濱水區。

設計策略

在贏得國際競賽后，景觀設計師被委托設計卡班湖濱水區復興項目。在應對上述挑戰時，他提出了喀山卡班湖群濱水區活力復興的三大改造策略：

（1）讓濱水區暢行安全：粗野的混凝土防洪墻和沿岸的交通道路割裂了城市與水體之間的關系。為解決這一問題，在混凝土護堤以外的水域建造了一系列平臺和棧道；坡道與臺階連接了漂浮著的的步行棧道、活動場地與河岸上的人行道。沿岸修建了慢行通道。步行道和平臺旁還提供了大量座椅。

（2）沿湖岸設立水體修復緩沖區：利用臺地狀的濕地與生態凈化池吸納周邊小型水渠的排水與雨水形成的地表徑流。這些生態海綿設施亦可同時提供休閑功能與公共教育功能。

（3）精心策劃活動：通過與文化部和當地社區合作，策劃了多種多樣的文化體育活動，如夏夜音樂會和電影、清晨瑜伽，以及白天的環境教育旅行。

結語

該項目歷時一年完工，取得了巨大的成功。在2018年5月面向公眾開放的第一個月，這個曾被廢棄的濱水區就迎來了5萬人的日流量。不同信仰、年齡和性別的人都能在這個濱水區找到自己的一席之地。音樂會、電影、運動、瑜伽、婚禮，甚至僅是美好怡人的陽光，都會讓他們聚集在此。清理一新、郁郁蔥蔥的濱水區還引來了更多的候鳥和留鳥。在與城市居民生活割裂、長達百年的孤寂之后，這個喀山市曾被忽視的濱水區域如今已重獲生機。健康的生態環境、充滿活力的文化氛圍極好的提升了周邊居民歸屬感、增強了國民尊嚴與身份認知。□

多年來，從副院長到院長，張偉一直關注醫院用藥安全。“藥物一直是把雙刃劍，用得好是患者福音；用不好，將為患者制造負擔，甚至從公益角度來看，會造成社會和環境污染。”為此，近年來，南大一附院形成了“四個一”規章：兩周一檢、兩周一議、兩周一評、兩周一罰。“用藥安全，是患者健康保障的最重要關口，也是醫院進行精準診斷和精準治療的最重要‘守門人’。”

（尚晉 譯）

Project statement

Through prudent transformative landscape interventions, the deserted prime waterfront of Kazan City at Kaban Lake has been revitalised in a short time span. The project showcases landscape as an interactive medium that regulates hydrological environment, creates public access and provides numerous opportunities to connect new public realms which can function as a common denominator of nature, culture, and social developments.

Challenges and objectives

Kazan is the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan, and is the sixth most populous city in Russia, with a population of 1.2 million. The city's prime waterfront is the north and east shoreline of Lower Kaban Lake. The project covers a shoreline of 2.0 kilometre and an area of about 30hm2. After 700 years of dumping domestic and industrial waste in Kaban Lake, the city was separated from its waterfront, resulting in the loss of an important source of cultural vitality and ecological amenities. While the industries surrounding the lake were bankrupted in past decades, the urban runoffs are still polluting the lake; brutal concrete embankments were built into the water in the historic downtown section turning the city's prime waterfront into a lifeless concrete desert; other parts of Kaban Lake were mostly inaccessible to the public due to high-speed roadways, private communities, and overgrown groves on abandoned brownfield. The existing development area of Kaban Lake was planned around the automobile, which not only fragmented wildlife habitats, but also prevented people from reaching the waterfront. Utilising the development opportunity presented by hosting the 2018 FIFA World Cup, the Tatarstan government decided to reclaim this prime waterfront.

Design strategies

After winning the international competition, the landscape architect was commissioned to design the Kaban Lake waterfront revitalisation project. In addressing the above challenges, he proposed three major transformative strategies to reclaim the vitality of Kazan's prime waterfront:

(1) Making the waterfront accessible and safe: the brutal concrete flood wall and the traffic road along the shoreline severed the relationship between the city and the water. To solve this problem, a series of platforms and boardwalks built into the water beyond the concrete embankment; ramps and stairs link these pedestrian paths and places that float above the lake with the pedestrian paths on the land. Bicycle and pedestrian trails were constructed along the lake shore. Numerous seats are provided along the pedestrian paths and the platforms.

(2) Creating a water remediation buffer zone along the lake shore: terraced wetland and bio swales are designed to catch the flows from several small ditches and the surface urban runoff. These biological infiltration facilities are integrated with recreational design and public education.

(3) Programmed activities: Working with the Ministry of Culture and local communities, various cultural and sports activities are programmed, such as music concerts and movies on summer nights, yoga in the morning, and environmental education tours in daytime.

Conclusion

The project was completed in one year and has proven to be a great success. The first month it was open to the public in May of 2018, the formerly deserted waterfront attracted 50,000 users daily. People of different beliefs, ages, and genders find their place at the waterfront. They gather here for concerts, movies, exercising, yoga, weddings, or simply people watching and enjoying the sun. The cleansed and vegetated lakefront also attracts more migrant and resident birds. After over century's alienation from the city and its people, Kazan's neglected prime waterfront has now been reclaimed with ecological health, cultural vitality, and the residents' feeling of belonging, as well as the dignity and the identity of the state.□

2 總平面/Site plan

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: 韃靼斯坦共和國政府/Government of the Republic of Tatarstan

景觀與建筑施工設計公司/Landscape Architect of Record/Firm: 土人設計/Turenscape

設計負責人/Design Lead: 俞孔堅/YU Kongjian

項目總監兼高級架構師/Programme Director and Senior Architect: Stanley LUNG

高級城市規劃師/Senior Urban Planner: YAN Bin

高級景觀設計師/Senior Landscape Architect: SHI Chun

項目經理兼城市規劃師/Program Manager and Urban Planner: WANG Yuyu

項目經理兼景觀設計師/Program Manager and Landscape Architect: CONG Xin

城市規劃師/Urban Planner: MA Junge, KOU Miao, WU Di景觀設計師/Landscape Architect: HU Yangyang, JING Bo, SONG Qiuyue, LUO Lin, DING Yahu, LIU Zhenlizi, YUAN Tingting, ZHANG Haixiao, ZHANG Jin

地理信息系統分析師/GIS Analyst: LI Wenhao

高級建筑師/Senior Architect: Alexandr Poroshkin, Katya Sineva, Max Malein

助理景觀設計師/Assistant Landscape Architect: Henry Herman, ZHANG Kaiqi, XIE Yaoyu, Nichlas Rasmussen

俄羅斯建筑合作者/Russian Architecture Collaborator: MAP architects Design Office

照明設計/Lighting: ECO-Light

3 平臺建造在混凝土墻外的水中/Platforms is built into the water beyond the concrete wall

4 不近人情的混凝土防洪墻切斷了城市與水的聯系。為了 解決這個問題，湖中建造了抗洪平臺，以激活混凝土 堤岸以外死氣沉沉的區域/The brutal concrete flood walls cut off the relationship between the city and the water. To solve this problem, flood resilient platforms are built into the lake to activate the dead space beyond the concrete embankment

5 一片死氣沉沉的空間獲得了生機：昔日荒蕪的濱水區已 成功重新啟用，并在2018年夏季對外開放時每天吸引5萬 游客/A dead space has gain its life: The former deserted water front has been successfully reactivated and has attracted 50,000 visitors daily in the summer of 2018 when it is opened to the public

6 與當地的文化部和社區合作，這里安排了各種文化和 體育活動，如夏季晚上的音樂會和電影、早晨的瑜伽和 白天的環境教育旅行/Working with the Ministry of Culture and local communities, various cultural and sports activities are programmed, such as music concert and movies in the summer nights, Yoga in the morning, and environmental education tours on the day

7 安排現有的地形，這里提供了許多座位，并仔細整合、 分級，使濱水段既安全又舒適，面向所有年齡段的使用者/ Making the preexisting terrain, a lot of seats are provided and carefully integrated into the grading to make the waterfront both safe and restful for users of all ages

評論

張利：我們可以想象兩種優異的設計，它們同樣令人贊嘆：一種是拍案稱奇的設計干預想象力，我們一般稱之為“設計實驗”；另一種是深入人心的生活質量提升，我們一般稱之為“社會實踐”。卡班湖的設計屬于后者。

雖然以景觀的設計策略來大幅度提升被基礎設施分割的線性濱水空間質量不是什么新鮮事，但能夠在發展中經濟體的環境下以非常有限的造價來完成如此令人信服的改進仍然是罕見的。設計者的匠心體現在兩個方面：一是盡量采用原生態或準原生態的種植體系，這使得在可控的建設與維護成本下實現巨大尺度的干預成為可能；二是在局部近人尺度上對微差界面（坡道、臺階、波浪形地面等）的使用，這使得在重要空間節點上形成人員聚集的公共性成為可能。從某種意義上說，卡班湖的實踐是非常貼近IUPA設立的初衷的。

葉揚：作為中國設計團隊在海外的實踐，卡班湖群濱水區的設計國際化、普世化，用相對簡潔的方式改變了城市的工業廢地，將原有生硬、冷漠的濱水區域進行了柔化處理，水邊植物與木材等具有溫暖質感的材料搭配增加親和力，不同類型的活動區域既獨立又連貫，動線悠長、蜿蜒，層層疊落，逐步親水，視覺上始終保持開放、通透。該項目出色地用設計的方式使市民獲得了一塊具有公共性、充滿活力的城市空間，為解決此類典型的城市問題區域提供了一個范例。

8 生態海綿梯田與文教設計融為一體，晝夜不斷地吸引著 來人/The biological infiltration terraces are integrated with recreational and educational design and becomes a attraction day and night

Comments

ZHANG Li: There are two types of design excellence, equally desirable: one that built on imaginative design intervention which is usually referred to as design experiment, and one that built on tangible improvement of real life which is usually referred to as social intervention. The Kaban lake project belongs to the latter. Although it is not new to revitalise the linear waterfront space cut, polluted and deteriorated by modern transportation infrastructure, bringing such convincing change to real life is still rare. There are two design strategies that are demonstrably useful: the first is the plant system primarily based upon natural choice, which significantly reduces the initial cost and the cost for long term maintenance; the second is the use of human scale, fine-grained urban fabric (ramps, steps and undulating surfaces) in special segments of the project, creating popular nodes of public activities along the linearity of the entire project. In a sense, the Kaban Lake Waterfront Revitalisation project is very pertinent to the original intention of IUPA.

YE Yang: As an oversea practice of Chinese design team, the design of Kaban Lake's prime waterfront tends to be international and universal. The deserted industrial landscape of the city was reformed by relatively simple approach. The existing curt indifferent waterfront was softened by water plants and the materials with warm sense such as timber which increased affinity. Various types of activity zones are both independent and coherent, with extended and winding circulation, directing people to the shore step by step, meanwhile, keeping the view open and transparent. The project is excellently designed to provide citizens with a public urban space that full of energy, offering an exemplar for such a typical urban wasted area. (Translated by PANG Lingbo)